Battle of Trebbia (1799)
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The '''Battle of (the) Trebbia''' ({{OldStyleDate|17–20 June|1799|6–9 June}}){{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=337}} was fought near the rivers of [[Tidone]],{{Efn|17 June}} [[Trebbia]],{{Efn|18–19 June}} and [[Nure]]{{Efn|20 June}} in [[northern Italy]] between the joint [[Russian Empire|Russian]] and [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] army under [[Alexander Suvorov]] and the [[First French Republic|Republican French]] army of [[Étienne Macdonald|Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre Macdonald]]. Though French forces were moderately more numerous,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Мячин |first=Александр Николаевич |url=https://mir-knigi.org/author/myachin-aleksandr-nikolaevich/100-velikih-bitv |title=100 великих битв |publisher=Вече |year=2001 |isbn= |pages=173–176 |language=ru |trans-title=100 Great Battles}}</ref><ref name=":922">{{Cite book |url=https://prussia.online/books/istoriya-russkoy-armii-7-1 |title=История русской армии: В 7 т. |publisher=ООО «Издательство Полигон» |year=2003 |isbn=5-89173-205-X |editor-last=Волковский |editor-first=Н. Л. |volume=1: От зарождения Руси до войны 1812 г. |location=СПб |pages=405–413 |language=ru |trans-title=History of the Russian Army: In 7 volumes. Volume 1: From the birth of Rus' to the War of 1812.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clausewitz |first=Carl von |author-link=Carl von Clausewitz |url=https://prussia.online/Data/Book/pr/printsipi-vedeniya-voyni/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%20-%20%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8B%20%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%20%28%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0,%202009%29.pdf |title=Принципы ведения войны |publisher=Центрполиграф |year=2009 |isbn=978-5-9524-4349-5 |location=Москва |pages=176 |language=ru |translator-last=Игоревский |translator-first=Л. А. |trans-title=Principles of War}}</ref> the Austro-Russians severely defeated the French using the [[oblique order]] tactics, sustaining about 5,500 casualties while inflicting losses of 16,500 on their enemies. The Russian contingent was on the right flank of the coalition force and in the center, and it was the Russian units that played the main attacking role; the Austrians dealt with the French on the left flank, and they helped the Russians in the center. The [[War of the Second Coalition]] engagement occurred west of [[Piacenza]], a city located {{convert|70|km|mi|0}} southeast of [[Milan]].
The '''Battle of (the) Trebbia''' ({{OldStyleDate|17–20 June|1799|6–9 June}}){{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=337}} was fought near the rivers of [[Tidone]],{{Efn|17 June}} [[Trebbia]],{{Efn|18–19 June}} and [[Nure]]{{Efn|20 June}} in [[northern Italy]] between the joint [[Russian Empire|Russian]] and [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] army under [[Alexander Suvorov]] and the [[First French Republic|Republican French]] army of [[Étienne Macdonald|Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre Macdonald]]. Though French forces were moderately more numerous,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Мячин |first=Александр Николаевич |url=https://mir-knigi.org/author/myachin-aleksandr-nikolaevich/100-velikih-bitv |title=100 великих битв |publisher=Вече |year=2001 |isbn= |pages=173–176 |language=ru |trans-title=100 Great Battles}}</ref><ref name=":922">{{Cite book |url=https://prussia.online/books/istoriya-russkoy-armii-7-1 |title=История русской армии: В 7 т. |publisher=ООО «Издательство Полигон» |year=2003 |isbn=5-89173-205-X |editor-last=Волковский |editor-first=Н. Л. |volume=1: От зарождения Руси до войны 1812 г. |location=СПб |pages=405–413 |language=ru |trans-title=History of the Russian Army: In 7 volumes. Volume 1: From the birth of Rus' to the War of 1812.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clausewitz |first=Carl von |author-link=Carl von Clausewitz |url=https://prussia.online/Data/Book/pr/printsipi-vedeniya-voyni/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%20-%20%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%8B%20%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%20%28%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0,%202009%29.pdf |title=Принципы ведения войны |publisher=Центрполиграф |year=2009 |isbn=978-5-9524-4349-5 |location=Москва |pages=176 |language=ru |translator-last=Игоревский |translator-first=Л. А. |trans-title=Principles of War}}</ref> the Austro-Russians severely defeated the French using the [[oblique order]] tactics, sustaining about 5,500 casualties while inflicting losses of 16,500 on their enemies. The Russian contingent was on the right flank of the coalition force and in the center, and it was the Russian units that played the main attacking role; the Austrians dealt with the French on the left flank, and they helped the Russians in the center. The [[War of the Second Coalition]] engagement occurred west of [[Piacenza]], a city located {{convert|70|km|mi|0}} southeast of [[Milan]].
In the spring of 1799 the Habsburg and Russian armies ousted the French from much of northern Italy after the battles of [[Battle of Magnano|Magnano]] and [[Battle of Cassano (1799)|Cassano]] and they placed the key fortress of [[Siege of Mantua (1799)|Mantua]] under siege. Assembling the French occupation forces of southern and central Italy into an army, Macdonald moved north to challenge his enemies. Rather than playing safe by moving along the west coast road, Macdonald boldly chose to move east of the [[Apennine Mountains]], hoping to be supported by [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau]]'s French army; Moreau's army was in [[Genoa]]. After brushing aside a much smaller Austrian force at [[Battle of Modena (1799)|Modena]], Macdonald's army swept west along the south bank of the [[Po (river)|Po River]]. Suvorov swiftly concentrated his Russians and the allied Austrians of [[Michael von Melas]] to block the French move, eventually covering around {{convert|85|km|abbr=on}} in just 36 hours.{{efn|The march is meant to be from [[Alessandria]] to the Tidone.<ref name=Novitsky/>}} However, at the desire of [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]], Suvorov did not receive the additional expected support from [[Paul Kray]]'s Austrian [[corps]], which was [[Siege of Mantua (1799)|involved at Mantua]].{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=332}} Battling through intense heat for four days (17–20 June),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n133/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |edition=1st |volume=3 |pages=120–124 |language=ru}}</ref> the weary Allied troops engaged the enemy immediately after their forced march (rapid advance), pushing past the limits of exhaustion. The French units also gradually joined the battle, since they were on the march as well. Suvorov's task of defeating Macdonald was made easier by the latter's physical weakness, as Macdonald was still suffering from the wounds received at Modena and therefore was bedridden, that is why the French command was not as effective as it could have been. Nevertheless, Macdonald was still able to assess tactical situations and subsequently give orders. In the spring of 1799 the Habsburg and Russian armies ousted the French from much of northern Italy after the battles of [[Battle of Magnano|Magnano]] and [[Battle of Cassano (1799)|Cassano]] and they placed the key fortress of [[Siege of Mantua (1799)|Mantua]] under siege. Assembling the French occupation forces of southern and central Italy into an army, Macdonald moved north to challenge his enemies. Rather than playing safe by moving along the west coast road, Macdonald boldly chose to move east of the [[Apennine Mountains]], hoping to be supported by [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau]]'s French army; Moreau's army was in [[Genoa]]. After brushing aside a much smaller Austrian force at [[Battle of Modena (1799)|Modena]], Macdonald's army swept west along the south bank of the [[Po (river)|Po River]]. Suvorov swiftly concentrated his Russians and the allied Austrians of [[Michael von Melas]] to block the French move, eventually covering around {{convert|85|km|abbr=on}} in just 36 hours.{{efn|The march is meant to be from [[Alessandria]] to the Tidone.<ref name=Novitsky/>}} However, at the desire of [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]], Suvorov did not receive the additional expected support from [[Paul Kray]]'s Austrian [[corps]], which was [[Siege of Mantua (1799)|involved at Mantua]].{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=332}} Battling through intense heat for four days (17–20 June),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n133/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |edition=1st |volume=3 |pages=120–124 |language=ru}}</ref> the weary Allied troops engaged the enemy immediately after their [[Maneuver warfare|forced march]] (rapid advance), pushing past the limits of exhaustion. The French units also gradually joined the battle, since they were on the march as well. Suvorov's task of defeating Macdonald was made easier by the latter's physical weakness, as Macdonald was still suffering from the wounds received at Modena and therefore was bedridden, that is why the French command was not as effective as it could have been. Nevertheless, Macdonald was still able to assess tactical situations and subsequently give orders.
On 17 June, the leading French [[Division (army)|divisions]] bumped into a 5,000-strong Austrian holding force led by [[Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz]] along the Tidone River. Suvorov was more than {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} from the battlefield at this time,<ref name=Novitsky>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Novitsky |first=Vasily |author-link=Vasily Fedorovich Novitsky |url=https://archive.org/details/bmk-brz-11/page/139 |encyclopedia=Военная энциклопедия |publisher=Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина |volume=11: Инкерман – Кальмар |location=Moscow |year=1913 |pages=139-144 |language=ru |title=Итальянскiй походъ Суворова |trans-title=Suvorov's Italian campaign |access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref> but that same day Ott was rapidly reinforced by the mass of the Austro-Russian army and the French pulled back to the Trebbia. Suvorov attacked on the 18th: the equally numbered French managed to hold off the Allied drive but abandoned their positions on the west bank of the Trebbia. On 19 June, Macdonald's entire army of 33,500 was almost concentrated and{{snd}}with up to 26,000 men fit for combat{{sfn|Clausewitz|1833|p=456}}{{snd}}he ordered an attack which was poorly coordinated and repulsed at all points by the 22,000-strong Coalition forces. Realizing that assistance from Moreau was not forthcoming, that night Macdonald ordered the beaten French army to slip away to the south and west. The French also had more men to begin the battle with, 19,000 compared to the 12–15,000 of the Russians and Austrians (including latecomers from both the Allied and French sides);<ref>{{Cite book |last=Osipov |first=K. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208854 |title=Alexander Suvorov: A Biography |publisher=Hutchinson & Co. |year=1939 |pages=148–149, 177 |language=en}}</ref> however, Suvorov's [[Maneuver warfare|forced march]] helped to [[Force concentration|concentrate superior forces]] on 17 June. With the forced march to help Ott, a better concentration of forces on the battlefield, and generally his principle of "''[[coup d'œil]]'', speed, impetus",<ref name=Duffy17>Duffy (1999), p. 17</ref> Suvorov remained one step ahead of Macdonald from 17 to 19 June. On the 20th, along the Nure River, the Allies overran the French 17th {{lang|fr|[[demi-brigade]]}} acting as [[rearguard]].<ref name=Duffy112/> Macdonald hoped for help from Moreau, but the latter only managed to [[Second Battle of Marengo (1799)|achieve an indecisive victory]] over Suvorov's [[covering force]] on 20 June, more than {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from Suvorov. Instead of bringing a powerful reinforcement to the hard-pressed French in northwest Italy, only the crippled remains of Macdonald's army arrived to Moreau. During the Allied pursuit, 7,500 wounded Frenchmen left in Piacenza hospital were captured by Melas. Among them were generals: [[Jean-Baptiste Salme|Salme]], [[Jean-Baptiste Olivier|Olivier]], [[Jean-Baptiste Dominique Rusca|Rusca]]. Thus, the total number of unwounded prisoners, wounded prisoners, and missing amounted to 14,500 French; the total number of bloody losses, inclusive of wounded prisoners, amounted to 9,500, of which only 2,000 French were killed, or up to 4,000 or 6,000 killed, as some estimates inflate. Among Suvorov, 1,000 were killed, 4,000 were wounded and 500 were captured/missing. Some authors estimate fewer than 1,000 killed among the Allies, and less than 2,000 killed among the French.{{efn|{{section link|#Casualties}}}} On 17 June, the leading French [[Division (army)|divisions]] bumped into a 5,000-strong Austrian holding force led by [[Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz]] along the Tidone River. Suvorov was more than {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} from the battlefield at this time,<ref name=Novitsky>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Novitsky |first=Vasily |author-link=Vasily Fedorovich Novitsky |url=https://archive.org/details/bmk-brz-11/page/139 |encyclopedia=Военная энциклопедия |publisher=Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина |volume=11: Инкерман – Кальмар |location=Moscow |year=1913 |pages=139-144 |language=ru |title=Итальянскiй походъ Суворова |trans-title=Suvorov's Italian campaign |access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref> but that same day Ott was rapidly reinforced by the mass of the Austro-Russian army and the French pulled back to the Trebbia. Suvorov attacked on the 18th: the equally numbered French managed to hold off the Allied drive but abandoned their positions on the west bank of the Trebbia. On 19 June, Macdonald's entire army of 33,500 was almost concentrated and{{snd}}with up to 26,000 men fit for combat{{sfn|Clausewitz|1833|p=456}}{{snd}}he ordered an attack which was poorly coordinated and repulsed at all points by the 22,000-strong Coalition forces. Realizing that assistance from Moreau was not forthcoming, that night Macdonald ordered the beaten French army to slip away to the south and west. The French also had more men to begin the battle with, 19,000 compared to the 12–15,000 of the Russians and Austrians (including latecomers from both the Allied and French sides);<ref>{{Cite book |last=Osipov |first=K. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208854 |title=Alexander Suvorov: A Biography |publisher=Hutchinson & Co. |year=1939 |pages=148–149, 177 |language=en}}</ref> however, Suvorov's forced march helped to [[Force concentration|concentrate superior forces]] on 17 June. With the forced march to help Ott, a better concentration of forces on the battlefield, and generally his principle of "''[[coup d'œil]]'', speed, impetus",<ref name=Duffy17>Duffy (1999), p. 17</ref> Suvorov remained one step ahead of Macdonald from 17 to 19 June. On the 20th, along the Nure River, the Allies overran the French 17th {{lang|fr|[[demi-brigade]]}} acting as [[rearguard]].<ref name=Duffy112/> Macdonald hoped for help from Moreau, but the latter only managed to [[Second Battle of Marengo (1799)|achieve an indecisive victory]] over Suvorov's [[covering force]] on 20 June, more than {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from Suvorov. Instead of bringing a powerful reinforcement to the hard-pressed French in northwest Italy, only the crippled remains of Macdonald's army arrived to Moreau. During the Allied pursuit, 7,500 wounded Frenchmen left in Piacenza hospital were captured by Melas. Among them were generals: [[Jean-Baptiste Salme|Salme]], [[Jean-Baptiste Olivier|Olivier]], [[Jean-Baptiste Dominique Rusca|Rusca]]. Thus, the total number of unwounded prisoners, wounded prisoners, and missing amounted to 14,500 French; the total number of bloody losses, inclusive of wounded prisoners, amounted to 9,500, of which only 2,000 French were killed, or up to 4,000 or 6,000 killed, as some estimates inflate. Among Suvorov, 1,000 were killed, 4,000 were wounded and 500 were captured/missing. Some authors estimate fewer than 1,000 killed among the Allies, and less than 2,000 killed among the French.{{efn|{{section link|#Casualties}}}}
The Battle of the Trebbia, or "''The '''Campaign of the Trebbia'''''<!-- The title of the battlemap in Duffy's book. -->" as military historian [[Christopher Duffy|Duffy]] titled it,<ref name=Duffy90>Duffy (1999), p. 90</ref> is one of the great victories in [[Alexander Suvorov#Military record|Alexander Suvorov's military career]], along with the [[siege of Izmail|storming of Izmail]]. (The "campaign" applies to all [[Military operation|operational]] movements from 17 to 20 June.) French general Moreau referred to the battle as a masterpiece of the military art, with Macdonald, the French general whom Suvorov defeated, sharing the same opinion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Osipov |first=K. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208854 |title=Alexander Suvorov: A Biography |publisher=Hutchinson & Co. |year=1939 |pages=152 |language=en}}</ref> Military historians note that if Suvorov had no previous feats in his career, that the Trebbia campaign alone would make him a great commander.<ref name=":9222">{{Cite book |url=https://prussia.online/books/istoriya-russkoy-armii-7-1 |title=История русской армии: В 7 т. |publisher=ООО «Издательство Полигон» |year=2003 |isbn=5-89173-205-X |editor-last=Волковский |editor-first=Н. Л. |volume=1: От зарождения Руси до войны 1812 г. |location=СПб |pages=412 |language=ru |trans-title=History of the Russian Army: In 7 volumes. Volume 1: From the birth of Rus' to the War of 1812.}}</ref> The Battle of the Trebbia, or "''The '''Campaign of the Trebbia'''''<!-- The title of the battlemap in Duffy's book. -->" as military historian [[Christopher Duffy|Duffy]] titled it,<ref name=Duffy90>Duffy (1999), p. 90</ref> is one of the great victories in [[Alexander Suvorov#Military record|Alexander Suvorov's military career]], along with the [[siege of Izmail|storming of Izmail]]. (The "campaign" applies to all [[Military operation|operational]] movements from 17 to 20 June.) French general Moreau referred to the battle as a masterpiece of the military art, with Macdonald, the French general whom Suvorov defeated, sharing the same opinion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Osipov |first=K. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208854 |title=Alexander Suvorov: A Biography |publisher=Hutchinson & Co. |year=1939 |pages=152 |language=en}}</ref> Military historians note that if Suvorov had no previous feats in his career, that the Trebbia campaign alone would make him a great commander.<ref name=":9222">{{Cite book |url=https://prussia.online/books/istoriya-russkoy-armii-7-1 |title=История русской армии: В 7 т. |publisher=ООО «Издательство Полигон» |year=2003 |isbn=5-89173-205-X |editor-last=Волковский |editor-first=Н. Л. |volume=1: От зарождения Руси до войны 1812 г. |location=СПб |pages=412 |language=ru |trans-title=History of the Russian Army: In 7 volumes. Volume 1: From the birth of Rus' to the War of 1812.}}</ref>
In the spring of 1799 the Habsburg and Russian armies ousted the French from much of northern Italy after the battles of [[Battle of Magnano|Magnano]] and [[Battle of Cassano (1799)|Cassano]] and they placed the key fortress of [[Siege of Mantua (1799)|Mantua]] under siege. Assembling the French occupation forces of southern and central Italy into an army, Macdonald moved north to challenge his enemies. Rather than playing safe by moving along the west coast road, Macdonald boldly chose to move east of the [[Apennine Mountains]], hoping to be supported by [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau]]'s French army; Moreau's army was in [[Genoa]]. After brushing aside a much smaller Austrian force at [[Battle of Modena (1799)|Modena]], Macdonald's army swept west along the south bank of the [[Po (river)|Po River]]. Suvorov swiftly concentrated his Russians and the allied Austrians of [[Michael von Melas]] to block the French move, eventually covering around {{convert|85|km|abbr=on}} in just 36 hours.{{efn|The march is meant to be from [[Alessandria]] to the Tidone.<ref name=Novitsky/>}} However, at the desire of [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]], Suvorov did not receive the additional expected support from [[Paul Kray]]'s Austrian [[corps]], which was [[Siege of Mantua (1799)|involved at Mantua]].{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=332}} Battling through intense heat for four days (17–20 June),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n133/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |edition=1st |volume=3 |pages=120–124 |language=ru}}</ref> the weary Allied troops engaged the enemy immediately after their forced march (rapid advance), pushing past the limits of exhaustion. The French units also gradually joined the battle, since they were on the march as well. Suvorov's task of defeating Macdonald was made easier by the latter's physical weakness, as Macdonald was still suffering from the wounds received at Modena and therefore was bedridden, that is why the French command was not as effective as it could have been. Nevertheless, Macdonald was still able to assess tactical situations and subsequently give orders. In the spring of 1799 the Habsburg and Russian armies ousted the French from much of northern Italy after the battles of [[Battle of Magnano|Magnano]] and [[Battle of Cassano (1799)|Cassano]] and they placed the key fortress of [[Siege of Mantua (1799)|Mantua]] under siege. Assembling the French occupation forces of southern and central Italy into an army, Macdonald moved north to challenge his enemies. Rather than playing safe by moving along the west coast road, Macdonald boldly chose to move east of the [[Apennine Mountains]], hoping to be supported by [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau]]'s French army; Moreau's army was in [[Genoa]]. After brushing aside a much smaller Austrian force at [[Battle of Modena (1799)|Modena]], Macdonald's army swept west along the south bank of the [[Po (river)|Po River]]. Suvorov swiftly concentrated his Russians and the allied Austrians of [[Michael von Melas]] to block the French move, eventually covering around {{convert|85|km|abbr=on}} in just 36 hours.{{efn|The march is meant to be from [[Alessandria]] to the Tidone.<ref name=Novitsky/>}} However, at the desire of [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]], Suvorov did not receive the additional expected support from [[Paul Kray]]'s Austrian [[corps]], which was [[Siege of Mantua (1799)|involved at Mantua]].{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=332}} Battling through intense heat for four days (17–20 June),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n133/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |edition=1st |volume=3 |pages=120–124 |language=ru}}</ref> the weary Allied troops engaged the enemy immediately after their [[Maneuver warfare|forced march]] (rapid advance), pushing past the limits of exhaustion. The French units also gradually joined the battle, since they were on the march as well. Suvorov's task of defeating Macdonald was made easier by the latter's physical weakness, as Macdonald was still suffering from the wounds received at Modena and therefore was bedridden, that is why the French command was not as effective as it could have been. Nevertheless, Macdonald was still able to assess tactical situations and subsequently give orders.
On 17 June, the leading French [[Division (army)|divisions]] bumped into a 5,000-strong Austrian holding force led by [[Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz]] along the Tidone River. Suvorov was more than {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} from the battlefield at this time,<ref name=Novitsky>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Novitsky |first=Vasily |author-link=Vasily Fedorovich Novitsky |url=https://archive.org/details/bmk-brz-11/page/139 |encyclopedia=Военная энциклопедия |publisher=Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина |volume=11: Инкерман – Кальмар |location=Moscow |year=1913 |pages=139-144 |language=ru |title=Итальянскiй походъ Суворова |trans-title=Suvorov's Italian campaign |access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref> but that same day Ott was rapidly reinforced by the mass of the Austro-Russian army and the French pulled back to the Trebbia. Suvorov attacked on the 18th: the equally numbered French managed to hold off the Allied drive but abandoned their positions on the west bank of the Trebbia. On 19 June, Macdonald's entire army of 33,500 was almost concentrated and{{snd}}with up to 26,000 men fit for combat{{sfn|Clausewitz|1833|p=456}}{{snd}}he ordered an attack which was poorly coordinated and repulsed at all points by the 22,000-strong Coalition forces. Realizing that assistance from Moreau was not forthcoming, that night Macdonald ordered the beaten French army to slip away to the south and west. The French also had more men to begin the battle with, 19,000 compared to the 12–15,000 of the Russians and Austrians (including latecomers from both the Allied and French sides);<ref>{{Cite book |last=Osipov |first=K. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208854 |title=Alexander Suvorov: A Biography |publisher=Hutchinson & Co. |year=1939 |pages=148–149, 177 |language=en}}</ref> however, Suvorov's [[Maneuver warfare|forced march]] helped to [[Force concentration|concentrate superior forces]] on 17 June. With the forced march to help Ott, a better concentration of forces on the battlefield, and generally his principle of "''[[coup d'œil]]'', speed, impetus",<ref name=Duffy17>Duffy (1999), p. 17</ref> Suvorov remained one step ahead of Macdonald from 17 to 19 June. On the 20th, along the Nure River, the Allies overran the French 17th {{lang|fr|[[demi-brigade]]}} acting as [[rearguard]].<ref name=Duffy112/> Macdonald hoped for help from Moreau, but the latter only managed to [[Second Battle of Marengo (1799)|achieve an indecisive victory]] over Suvorov's [[covering force]] on 20 June, more than {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from Suvorov. Instead of bringing a powerful reinforcement to the hard-pressed French in northwest Italy, only the crippled remains of Macdonald's army arrived to Moreau. During the Allied pursuit, 7,500 wounded Frenchmen left in Piacenza hospital were captured by Melas. Among them were generals: [[Jean-Baptiste Salme|Salme]], [[Jean-Baptiste Olivier|Olivier]], [[Jean-Baptiste Dominique Rusca|Rusca]]. Thus, the total number of unwounded prisoners, wounded prisoners, and missing amounted to 14,500 French; the total number of bloody losses, inclusive of wounded prisoners, amounted to 9,500, of which only 2,000 French were killed, or up to 4,000 or 6,000 killed, as some estimates inflate. Among Suvorov, 1,000 were killed, 4,000 were wounded and 500 were captured/missing. Some authors estimate fewer than 1,000 killed among the Allies, and less than 2,000 killed among the French.{{efn|{{section link|#Casualties}}}} On 17 June, the leading French [[Division (army)|divisions]] bumped into a 5,000-strong Austrian holding force led by [[Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz]] along the Tidone River. Suvorov was more than {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} from the battlefield at this time,<ref name=Novitsky>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Novitsky |first=Vasily |author-link=Vasily Fedorovich Novitsky |url=https://archive.org/details/bmk-brz-11/page/139 |encyclopedia=Военная энциклопедия |publisher=Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина |volume=11: Инкерман – Кальмар |location=Moscow |year=1913 |pages=139-144 |language=ru |title=Итальянскiй походъ Суворова |trans-title=Suvorov's Italian campaign |access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref> but that same day Ott was rapidly reinforced by the mass of the Austro-Russian army and the French pulled back to the Trebbia. Suvorov attacked on the 18th: the equally numbered French managed to hold off the Allied drive but abandoned their positions on the west bank of the Trebbia. On 19 June, Macdonald's entire army of 33,500 was almost concentrated and{{snd}}with up to 26,000 men fit for combat{{sfn|Clausewitz|1833|p=456}}{{snd}}he ordered an attack which was poorly coordinated and repulsed at all points by the 22,000-strong Coalition forces. Realizing that assistance from Moreau was not forthcoming, that night Macdonald ordered the beaten French army to slip away to the south and west. The French also had more men to begin the battle with, 19,000 compared to the 12–15,000 of the Russians and Austrians (including latecomers from both the Allied and French sides);<ref>{{Cite book |last=Osipov |first=K. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208854 |title=Alexander Suvorov: A Biography |publisher=Hutchinson & Co. |year=1939 |pages=148–149, 177 |language=en}}</ref> however, Suvorov's forced march helped to [[Force concentration|concentrate superior forces]] on 17 June. With the forced march to help Ott, a better concentration of forces on the battlefield, and generally his principle of "''[[coup d'œil]]'', speed, impetus",<ref name=Duffy17>Duffy (1999), p. 17</ref> Suvorov remained one step ahead of Macdonald from 17 to 19 June. On the 20th, along the Nure River, the Allies overran the French 17th {{lang|fr|[[demi-brigade]]}} acting as [[rearguard]].<ref name=Duffy112/> Macdonald hoped for help from Moreau, but the latter only managed to [[Second Battle of Marengo (1799)|achieve an indecisive victory]] over Suvorov's [[covering force]] on 20 June, more than {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} from Suvorov. Instead of bringing a powerful reinforcement to the hard-pressed French in northwest Italy, only the crippled remains of Macdonald's army arrived to Moreau. During the Allied pursuit, 7,500 wounded Frenchmen left in Piacenza hospital were captured by Melas. Among them were generals: [[Jean-Baptiste Salme|Salme]], [[Jean-Baptiste Olivier|Olivier]], [[Jean-Baptiste Dominique Rusca|Rusca]]. Thus, the total number of unwounded prisoners, wounded prisoners, and missing amounted to 14,500 French; the total number of bloody losses, inclusive of wounded prisoners, amounted to 9,500, of which only 2,000 French were killed, or up to 4,000 or 6,000 killed, as some estimates inflate. Among Suvorov, 1,000 were killed, 4,000 were wounded and 500 were captured/missing. Some authors estimate fewer than 1,000 killed among the Allies, and less than 2,000 killed among the French.{{efn|{{section link|#Casualties}}}}
The Battle of the Trebbia, or "''The '''Campaign of the Trebbia'''''<!-- The title of the battlemap in Duffy's book. -->" as military historian [[Christopher Duffy|Duffy]] titled it,<ref name=Duffy90>Duffy (1999), p. 90</ref> is one of the great victories in [[Alexander Suvorov#Military record|Alexander Suvorov's military career]], along with the [[siege of Izmail|storming of Izmail]]. (The "campaign" applies to all [[Military operation|operational]] movements from 17 to 20 June.) French general Moreau referred to the battle as a masterpiece of the military art, with Macdonald, the French general whom Suvorov defeated, sharing the same opinion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Osipov |first=K. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208854 |title=Alexander Suvorov: A Biography |publisher=Hutchinson & Co. |year=1939 |pages=152 |language=en}}</ref> Military historians note that if Suvorov had no previous feats in his career, that the Trebbia campaign alone would make him a great commander.<ref name=":9222">{{Cite book |url=https://prussia.online/books/istoriya-russkoy-armii-7-1 |title=История русской армии: В 7 т. |publisher=ООО «Издательство Полигон» |year=2003 |isbn=5-89173-205-X |editor-last=Волковский |editor-first=Н. Л. |volume=1: От зарождения Руси до войны 1812 г. |location=СПб |pages=412 |language=ru |trans-title=History of the Russian Army: In 7 volumes. Volume 1: From the birth of Rus' to the War of 1812.}}</ref> The Battle of the Trebbia, or "''The '''Campaign of the Trebbia'''''<!-- The title of the battlemap in Duffy's book. -->" as military historian [[Christopher Duffy|Duffy]] titled it,<ref name=Duffy90>Duffy (1999), p. 90</ref> is one of the great victories in [[Alexander Suvorov#Military record|Alexander Suvorov's military career]], along with the [[siege of Izmail|storming of Izmail]]. (The "campaign" applies to all [[Military operation|operational]] movements from 17 to 20 June.) French general Moreau referred to the battle as a masterpiece of the military art, with Macdonald, the French general whom Suvorov defeated, sharing the same opinion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Osipov |first=K. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208854 |title=Alexander Suvorov: A Biography |publisher=Hutchinson & Co. |year=1939 |pages=152 |language=en}}</ref> Military historians note that if Suvorov had no previous feats in his career, that the Trebbia campaign alone would make him a great commander.<ref name=":9222">{{Cite book |url=https://prussia.online/books/istoriya-russkoy-armii-7-1 |title=История русской армии: В 7 т. |publisher=ООО «Издательство Полигон» |year=2003 |isbn=5-89173-205-X |editor-last=Волковский |editor-first=Н. Л. |volume=1: От зарождения Руси до войны 1812 г. |location=СПб |pages=412 |language=ru |trans-title=History of the Russian Army: In 7 volumes. Volume 1: From the birth of Rus' to the War of 1812.}}</ref>