User:TfMHoBs/Etruscan sea-faring

okay now it's finished

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Rams were not uncommon in the Mediterranean, and there have been detachable bronze rams found in the area. The stempost of a ship would have a convex area where a ram could be attached and fastened.<ref name=":1" /> On a funerary urn from Volterra, there is a depiction of a three-pronged ram on the stern of a ship. That type of ram was also seen on other pieces of Etruscan pottery, and is also theorized to be mythological like the rest of the stories depicted on these pieces, but the frequency in which that motif comes up makes it likely rooted in some reality.<ref name=":5">HOCKMANN, O. (2000). Stern Rams in antiquity. ''The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology'', ''29''(1), 136–142. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1006/ijna.2000.0282</nowiki></ref> Rams were not uncommon in the Mediterranean, and there have been detachable bronze rams found in the area. The stempost of a ship would have a convex area where a ram could be attached and fastened.<ref name=":1" /> On a funerary urn from Volterra, there is a depiction of a three-pronged ram on the stern of a ship. That type of ram was also seen on other pieces of Etruscan pottery, and is also theorized to be mythological like the rest of the stories depicted on these pieces, but the frequency in which that motif comes up makes it likely rooted in some reality.<ref name=":5">HOCKMANN, O. (2000). Stern Rams in antiquity. ''The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology'', ''29''(1), 136–142. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1006/ijna.2000.0282</nowiki></ref> == Etruscan sea-farers ==
== Ports and port cities ---leaving this section in sandbox for now == There were a few major trade cities with access to the ocean which brought in and launched trade boats, distributing goods all around the Mediterranean.<ref name=":1" />
[[Pisa]], situated near the mouth of the Arno, became a place through which there was a lot of trade traffic, particularly with the people on [[Sardinia]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Abulafia |first=David |title=The great sea: a human history of the Mediterranean |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-532334-4 |location=New York |chapter=PART TWO: The Second Mediterranean}}</ref>
[[Populonia]] was the only Etruscan settlement on the sea<ref name=":3" />, but many inland cities had sister cities with ports.<ref name=":1" /> Populonia, as early as the iron age had walls for fortification to protect from attacks originating from the sea. The city took in mostly metals from Elba and redistributed them.<ref name=":3" />
[[Ischia|Pithecoussai]]
== Etruscan sea-farers (finish military section, make it more about boats than politics) == Etruscan ships were crewed by different groups of people for different reasons. The main use, and the one for which there is the most evidence, was trade. There was also an Etruscan naval presence and written accounts of naval battles between the Etruscans, with the help of their allies, and the other habitants of the Mediterranean. Etruscan pirates are a controversial topic among scholars, who use the evidence supporting the idea that they existed and the contesting evidence used to argue that they didn't, or at the very least, didn't exist in the capacity they were written about. Etruscan ships were crewed by different groups of people for different reasons. The main use, and the one for which there is the most evidence, was trade. There was also an Etruscan naval presence and written accounts of naval battles between the Etruscans, with the help of their allies, and the other habitants of the Mediterranean. Etruscan pirates are a controversial topic among scholars, who use the evidence supporting the idea that they existed and the contesting evidence used to argue that they didn't, or at the very least, didn't exist in the capacity they were written about.

Line 74: Line 64: An Attic red-figure [[Dionysus Cup|cup]] displays this scene, depicting what is inferred as a typical Greek pirate ship. However, the techniques seen in Etruscan ship building lean more towards defense, as is the case with merchant ships, than offense, as would be the case for pirates. Pirates, in order to have the capability of seeking out merchant ships and intercepting them, need to use ships faster than merchant ships, like warships.<ref name=":3" /> An Attic red-figure [[Dionysus Cup|cup]] displays this scene, depicting what is inferred as a typical Greek pirate ship. However, the techniques seen in Etruscan ship building lean more towards defense, as is the case with merchant ships, than offense, as would be the case for pirates. Pirates, in order to have the capability of seeking out merchant ships and intercepting them, need to use ships faster than merchant ships, like warships.<ref name=":3" />

It's also thought that the scene depicted on the Aristothonos Krater could be a depiction of an encounter between Etruscan pirates and a Greek warship.<ref name=":1" /> Additionally, there were big ports around the Mediterranean that handled a lot of marine traffic, specifically in Carthage, that could have been a kind of refuge for Etruscan and Greek pirates.<ref name=":6" /> It's also thought that the scene depicted on the Aristothonos Krater could be a depiction of an encounter between Etruscan pirates and a Greek warship.<ref name=":1" /> Additionally, there were big ports around the Mediterranean that handled a lot of marine traffic, specifically in Carthage, that could have been a kind of refuge for Etruscan and Greek pirates.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Abulafia |first=David |title=The great sea: a human history of the Mediterranean |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-532334-4 |location=New York |chapter=PART TWO: The Second Mediterranean}}</ref> == References == == References == {{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}