Ukrainian nationalism

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==== Resumption of hostilities ==== ==== Resumption of hostilities ==== Political opposition to Skoropadsky materialized in the form of the Ukrainian National Union, led by Vynnychenko, which began to prepare a rebellion.{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007|p=75}} With the capitulation of the Central Powers in November and the impending withdrawal, Skoropadsky pandered to the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] and issued a manifesto proclaiming a federation with a future non-Bolshevik Russia.{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007|p=75}} This incited the [[Anti-Hetman Uprising]] led by the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] under two rival members of the USDRP, the ultra-socialist Vynnychenko and the more nationalistic Petliura, and supported by the [[Sich Riflemen]].{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007|pp=75,79}} The Directorate's forces entered Kyiv in December and re-established the UPR, while Skoropadsky's [[Hetmanite movement]] went into exile.{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007|p=79}}{{sfn|Wilson|1996|pp=43-44}} The Directorate engaged in [[nation-building]], establishing [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] as the official language of the UPR and proclaiming the independence of the [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]].{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007|p=79}} Initially Chairman of the Directorate, Vynnychenko resigned after the [[Battle of Kiev (January 1919)|fall of Kyiv]] in February 1919 and was replaced by Petliura.{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007|p=80}} Directorate troops committed 40% of the recorded [[Pogroms during the Russian Civil War|anti-Jewish pogroms during the Russian Civil War]], leading to Petliura being branded in [[Western world|the West]] as a violent [[Antisemitism in Ukraine|antisemite]].{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007|p=81}} Political opposition to Skoropadsky materialized in the form of the Ukrainian National Union, led by Vynnychenko, which began to prepare a rebellion.{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007|p=75}} With the capitulation of the Central Powers in November and the impending troop withdrawal, Skoropadsky pandered to the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] and issued a manifesto proclaiming a federation with a future non-Bolshevik Russia.{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007|p=75}} This incited the [[Anti-Hetman Uprising]] led by the [[Directorate of Ukraine|Directorate]] under two rival members of the USDRP, the ultra-socialist Vynnychenko and the more nationalistic Petliura, and supported by the [[Sich Riflemen]].{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007|pp=75,79}} The Directorate's forces entered Kyiv in December and re-established the UPR, while Skoropadsky's [[Hetmanite movement]] went into exile.{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007|p=79}}{{sfn|Wilson|1996|pp=43-44}} The Directorate engaged in [[nation-building]], establishing [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] as the official language of the UPR and proclaiming the independence of the [[Orthodox Church of Ukraine]].{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007|p=79}} Initially Chairman of the Directorate, Vynnychenko resigned after the [[Battle of Kiev (January 1919)|fall of Kyiv]] in February 1919 and was replaced by Petliura.{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007|p=80}} Directorate troops committed 40% of the recorded [[Pogroms during the Russian Civil War|anti-Jewish pogroms during the Russian Civil War]], leading to Petliura being branded in [[Western world|the West]] as a violent [[Antisemitism in Ukraine|antisemite]].{{sfn|Yekelchyk|2007|p=81}}

[[Image:Map of Ukraine (postcard 1919).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Territory that was [[Greater Ukraine|claimed by Ukraine]] according to a postcard from 1919]] [[Image:Map of Ukraine (postcard 1919).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Territory that was [[Greater Ukraine|claimed by Ukraine]] according to a postcard from 1919]]