Gombe Chimpanzee War
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The chimpanzees roamed across these hills in territorial communities numbering from one to 40 members.<ref name=":1" /> The central valley was divided into three research areas, Kasakela in the north, and Kakombe and Mkenke in the south.<ref name=":0" /> Goodall followed the chimpanzees in their feeding, noting their aggressive territorial behaviour.<ref>{{cite journal|author-last1=Wilson |author-first1=Michael L. |author-last2=Wrangham |author-first2=Richard W. |date=2003 |title=Intergroup Relations in Chimpanzees |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=363–392 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.120046 |issn=0084-6570}}</ref>{{sfn|Goodall|2010|p=116}} Chimpanzee males would patrol their territories and occasionally raid the areas of other communities. Violence during these patrols usually occurred against isolated females and infants; the male patrols would mostly avoid each other or, if they met in equal numbers, limit themselves to noisy shows of force instead of seeking battle.{{sfn|Goodall|2010|pp=116–118}} Accordingly, Goodall did not foresee the upcoming full-scale conflict between the two communities in Gombe.{{sfn|Frankenberry|2008|p=298}}
The chimpanzees roamed across these hills in territorial communities numbering from one to 40 members.<ref name=":1" /> The central valley was divided into three research areas, Kasakela in the north, and Kakombe and Mkenke in the south.<ref name=":0" /> Goodall followed the chimpanzees in their feeding, noting their aggressive territorial behaviour.<ref>{{cite journal|author-last1=Wilson |author-first1=Michael L. |author-last2=Wrangham |author-first2=Richard W. |date=2003 |title=Intergroup Relations in Chimpanzees |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=363–392 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.120046 |issn=0084-6570}}</ref>{{sfn|Goodall|2010|p=116}} Chimpanzee males would patrol their territories and occasionally raid the areas of other communities. Violence during these patrols usually occurred against isolated females and infants; the male patrols would mostly avoid each other or, if they met in equal numbers, limit themselves to noisy shows of force instead of seeking battle.{{sfn|Goodall|2010|pp=116–118}} Accordingly, Goodall did not foresee the upcoming full-scale conflict between the two communities in Gombe.{{sfn|Frankenberry|2008|p=298}}
The conflict began to emerge during the end of the tenure of Kasakela's long-term [[Alpha animal|alpha]], Mike. There were 14 adult males among the Kasakela community, and six of them increasingly spent time in the community's southern territory. Goodall and her colleagues began to refer to this section as the "southern sub-group", while the much more numerous remainder was termed the "northern sub-group".{{sfn|Goodall|2010|pp=120–121}} Over several months, the males of the two sub-groups reacted with increasing hostility toward each other. The northerners initially avoided the southerners' areas,{{sfn|Goodall|2010|p=121}} whereas the southern males, led by the brothers Hugh and Charlie,{{sfn|Goodall|2010|pp=108, 121}} made forays into northern territory. The brothers were described as "fearless" by Goodall, and the northern males generally avoided confronting them. Despite the growing tensions, some peaceful contacts between the sub-groups were maintained by two older northern males, Mike and Rodolf, with a southern male, Goliath.{{sfn|Goodall|2010|p=121}} The conflict began to emerge during the end of the tenure of Kasakela's long-term [[Alpha animal|alpha]], Mike. There were 14 adult males among the Kasakela community, and six of them increasingly spent time in the community's southern territory. Goodall and her colleagues began to refer to this section as the "southern sub-group", while the much more numerous remainder was termed the "northern sub-group".{{sfn|Goodall|2010|pp=120–121}} Over several months, the males of the two sub-groups reacted with increasing hostility toward each other. The northerners initially avoided the southerners' areas,{{sfn|Goodall|2010|p=121}} whereas the southern males, led by the brothers Hugh and Charlie,{{sfn|Goodall|2010|pp=108, 121}} made forays into northern territory. The brothers were described as "fearless" by Goodall, and the northern males generally avoided confronting them. Despite the growing tension, some peaceful contacts between the sub-groups were maintained by two older northern males, Mike and Rodolf, with a southern male, Goliath.{{sfn|Goodall|2010|p=121}}
Two years after the division, the factions had developed into fully separate communities. The northern faction was now considered the Kasakela community, whereas the southern faction was termed the Kahama community. At this point, the Kahama had given up the northernmost border areas of their range to the Kasakela, but the [[Separatism|separatists]] still controlled an area where the Kasakela had previously "roamed at will". At this point, the two communities' patrols would make shows of force when encountering each other, though there was no open fighting. This continued for about a year.{{sfn|Goodall|2010|p=121}} By 1974, the Kahama were still led by Hugh and Charlie, with the other males being Godi, De, Goliath, and the young Sniff. The Kasakela males, led by the newly dominant Figan, included Satan, Sherry, Evered, Rodolf, Jomeo, Mike, and Humphrey.{{sfn|Goodall|2010|pp=70, 108}} Two years after the division, the factions had developed into fully separate communities. The northern faction was now considered the Kasakela community, whereas the southern faction was termed the Kahama community. At this point, the Kahama had given up the northernmost border areas of their range to the Kasakela, but the [[Separatism|separatists]] still controlled an area where the Kasakela had previously "roamed at will". At this point, the two communities' patrols would make shows of force when encountering each other, though there was no open fighting. This continued for about a year.{{sfn|Goodall|2010|p=121}} By 1974, the Kahama were still led by Hugh and Charlie, with the other males being Godi, De, Goliath, and the young Sniff. The Kasakela males, led by the newly dominant Figan, included Satan, Sherry, Evered, Rodolf, Jomeo, Mike, and Humphrey.{{sfn|Goodall|2010|pp=70, 108}}
The conflict began to emerge during the end of the tenure of Kasakela's long-term [[Alpha animal|alpha]], Mike. There were 14 adult males among the Kasakela community, and six of them increasingly spent time in the community's southern territory. Goodall and her colleagues began to refer to this section as the "southern sub-group", while the much more numerous remainder was termed the "northern sub-group".{{sfn|Goodall|2010|pp=120–121}} Over several months, the males of the two sub-groups reacted with increasing hostility toward each other. The northerners initially avoided the southerners' areas,{{sfn|Goodall|2010|p=121}} whereas the southern males, led by the brothers Hugh and Charlie,{{sfn|Goodall|2010|pp=108, 121}} made forays into northern territory. The brothers were described as "fearless" by Goodall, and the northern males generally avoided confronting them. Despite the growing tensions, some peaceful contacts between the sub-groups were maintained by two older northern males, Mike and Rodolf, with a southern male, Goliath.{{sfn|Goodall|2010|p=121}} The conflict began to emerge during the end of the tenure of Kasakela's long-term [[Alpha animal|alpha]], Mike. There were 14 adult males among the Kasakela community, and six of them increasingly spent time in the community's southern territory. Goodall and her colleagues began to refer to this section as the "southern sub-group", while the much more numerous remainder was termed the "northern sub-group".{{sfn|Goodall|2010|pp=120–121}} Over several months, the males of the two sub-groups reacted with increasing hostility toward each other. The northerners initially avoided the southerners' areas,{{sfn|Goodall|2010|p=121}} whereas the southern males, led by the brothers Hugh and Charlie,{{sfn|Goodall|2010|pp=108, 121}} made forays into northern territory. The brothers were described as "fearless" by Goodall, and the northern males generally avoided confronting them. Despite the growing tension, some peaceful contacts between the sub-groups were maintained by two older northern males, Mike and Rodolf, with a southern male, Goliath.{{sfn|Goodall|2010|p=121}}
Two years after the division, the factions had developed into fully separate communities. The northern faction was now considered the Kasakela community, whereas the southern faction was termed the Kahama community. At this point, the Kahama had given up the northernmost border areas of their range to the Kasakela, but the [[Separatism|separatists]] still controlled an area where the Kasakela had previously "roamed at will". At this point, the two communities' patrols would make shows of force when encountering each other, though there was no open fighting. This continued for about a year.{{sfn|Goodall|2010|p=121}} By 1974, the Kahama were still led by Hugh and Charlie, with the other males being Godi, De, Goliath, and the young Sniff. The Kasakela males, led by the newly dominant Figan, included Satan, Sherry, Evered, Rodolf, Jomeo, Mike, and Humphrey.{{sfn|Goodall|2010|pp=70, 108}} Two years after the division, the factions had developed into fully separate communities. The northern faction was now considered the Kasakela community, whereas the southern faction was termed the Kahama community. At this point, the Kahama had given up the northernmost border areas of their range to the Kasakela, but the [[Separatism|separatists]] still controlled an area where the Kasakela had previously "roamed at will". At this point, the two communities' patrols would make shows of force when encountering each other, though there was no open fighting. This continued for about a year.{{sfn|Goodall|2010|p=121}} By 1974, the Kahama were still led by Hugh and Charlie, with the other males being Godi, De, Goliath, and the young Sniff. The Kasakela males, led by the newly dominant Figan, included Satan, Sherry, Evered, Rodolf, Jomeo, Mike, and Humphrey.{{sfn|Goodall|2010|pp=70, 108}}