Boynamedsue marked the redirect Southside gang as reviewed
cose
Production
← Previous revision Revision as of 08:14, 2 May 2026 Line 29: Line 29:
===Broadcast outlets===
===Broadcast outlets===
In addition to airing on traditional [[pay-per-view]] (PPV) worldwide, it will
be available to [[livestream]] on [[ESPN]]'s [[ESPN (streaming
service)|direct-to-consumer streaming service]] in the United States,
[[Netflix]] in most international markets, [[SuperSport (South African
broadcaster)|SuperSport]] in Sub-Saharan Africa, and [[Abema]] in
Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where to Watch WWE Premium Live Events, Raw,
SmackDown, NXT and
more|url=https://www.wwe.com/article/where-to-watch-raw-smackdown-nxt-ple-netflix-usa-cw-peacock
|access-date=January 1, 2026 |website=[[WWE]] |language=en}}</ref> This marks
the first Backlash to livestream on ESPN in the United States, as WWE's contract
with [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] to air main roster PPV and
livestreaming events expired at the conclusion of [[Clash in Paris]] in August
2025.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lambert |first=Jeremy |title=WWE Wrestlepalooza
Announced For September 20, Will Air On ESPN As WWE-ESPN Partnership Begins
|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/wwe-wrestlepalooza-announced-for-september-20-will-air-on-espn-as-wwe-espn-partnership-begins/
|access-date=August 20, 2025 |work=Fightful |date=August 20,
2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rumsey|first=Connel|title=WWE Clash In Paris
To Be Final PLE Airing On Peacock
|url=https://wrestletalk.com/news/wwe-clash-in-paris-final-ple-peacock/
|access-date=August 20, 2025 |work=WrestleTalk |date=August 20, 2025}}</ref>
During the May 1 episode of Friday Night SmackDown, WWE announced that in the
United States, the first hour would be simulcast on [[ESPN2]].<ref>{{cite
news|last=Ishaan|first=Sharma|title=ESPN2 To Air First Hour Of WWE Backlash
2026|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/espn2-to-air-first-hour-of-wwe-backlash-2026/|access-date=May
2, 2026|work=Fightful|date=May 1, 2026}}</ref>
In addition to airing on traditional [[pay-per-view]] (PPV) worldwide, it will
be available to [[livestream]] on [[ESPN]]'s [[ESPN (streaming
service)|direct-to-consumer streaming service]] in the United States,
[[Netflix]] in most international markets, [[SuperSport (South African
broadcaster)|SuperSport]] in Sub-Saharan Africa, and [[Abema]] in
Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where to Watch WWE Premium Live Events, Raw,
SmackDown, NXT and
more|url=https://www.wwe.com/article/where-to-watch-raw-smackdown-nxt-ple-netflix-usa-cw-peacock
|access-date=January 1, 2026 |website=[[WWE]] |language=en}}</ref> This marks
the first Backlash to livestream on ESPN in the United States, as WWE's contract
with [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] to air main roster PPV and
livestreaming events expired at the conclusion of [[Clash in Paris]] in August
2025.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lambert |first=Jeremy |title=WWE Wrestlepalooza
Announced For September 20, Will Air On ESPN As WWE-ESPN Partnership Begins
|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/wwe-wrestlepalooza-announced-for-september-20-will-air-on-espn-as-wwe-espn-partnership-begins/
|access-date=August 20, 2025 |work=Fightful |date=August 20,
2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rumsey|first=Connel|title=WWE Clash In Paris
To Be Final PLE Airing On Peacock
|url=https://wrestletalk.com/news/wwe-clash-in-paris-final-ple-peacock/
|access-date=August 20, 2025 |work=WrestleTalk |date=August 20, 2025}}</ref>
During the May 1 episode of ''[[Friday Night SmackDown]]'', WWE announced that
in the United States, the first hour would be [[simulcast]] on [[ESPN2]],
marking the first Backlash to air on an ESPN linear channel.<ref>{{cite
news|last=Ishaan|first=Sharma|title=ESPN2 To Air First Hour Of WWE Backlash
2026|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/espn2-to-air-first-hour-of-wwe-backlash-2026/|access-date=May
2, 2026|work=Fightful|date=May 1, 2026}}</ref>
In order to lower the risk of clashing with the ''[[UFC 328]]'' main card, the
event will have a special start time of 6:00 p.m. [[Eastern Time]], which will
be the third consecutive Backlash to take place on the same night as an
[[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC) PPV since the formation of [[TKO Group
Holdings]].
In order to lower the risk of clashing with the ''[[UFC 328]]'' main card, the
event will have a special start time of 6:00 p.m. [[Eastern Time]], which will
be the third consecutive Backlash to take place on the same night as an
[[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC) PPV since the formation of [[TKO Group
Holdings]].
=== Storylines ===
=== Storylines ===
The event will include matches that result from scripted storylines. Results are
predetermined by WWE's writers on the [[Raw (brand)|Raw]] and [[SmackDown
(brand)|SmackDown]] brands,<ref>{{cite web|title=How Pro Wrestling
Works|url=https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/pro-wrestling.htm|last=Grabianowski|first=Ed|work=HowStuffWorks|publisher=[[Discovery
Communications]]|access-date=March 5,
2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129050844/https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/pro-wrestling.htm|archive-date=November
29, 2013|date=January 13, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Live & Televised
Entertainment|url=http://corporate.wwe.com/company/events.jsp|work=[[WWE]]|access-date=March
21,
2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218142749/https://corporate.wwe.com/company/events.jsp|archive-date=February
18, 2009}}</ref> while storylines are produced on WWE's weekly television shows,
''[[Monday Night Raw]]'' and ''[[Friday Night SmackDown]]''.<ref>{{cite
web|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/wwe-smackdown-live-usa-1201782569/|title=WWE's
'Smackdown' Will Move To Live Broadcast On USA
(Exclusive)|last=Steinberg|first=Brian|date=May 25, 2016|work=[[Variety
(magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=May 25,
2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526113045/https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/wwe-smackdown-live-usa-1201782569/|archive-date=May
26, 2016}}</ref>
The event will include matches that result from scripted storylines. Results are
predetermined by WWE's writers on the [[Raw (brand)|Raw]] and [[SmackDown
(brand)|SmackDown]] brands,<ref>{{cite web|title=How Pro Wrestling
Works|url=https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/pro-wrestling.htm|last=Grabianowski|first=Ed|work=HowStuffWorks|publisher=[[Discovery
Communications]]|access-date=March 5,
2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129050844/https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/pro-wrestling.htm|archive-date=November
29, 2013|date=January 13, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Live & Televised
Entertainment|url=http://corporate.wwe.com/company/events.jsp|work=[[WWE]]|access-date=March
21,
2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218142749/https://corporate.wwe.com/company/events.jsp|archive-date=February
18, 2009}}</ref> while storylines are produced on WWE's weekly television shows,
''[[Monday Night Raw]]'' and ''Friday Night SmackDown''.<ref>{{cite
web|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/wwe-smackdown-live-usa-1201782569/|title=WWE's
'Smackdown' Will Move To Live Broadcast On USA
(Exclusive)|last=Steinberg|first=Brian|date=May 25, 2016|work=[[Variety
(magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=May 25,
2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526113045/https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/wwe-smackdown-live-usa-1201782569/|archive-date=May
26, 2016}}</ref>
At [[WrestleMania 41]], [[Seth Rollins]] allied himself with [[Paul
Heyman]].<ref name="WM41N1">{{cite
web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=WrestleMania 41 results: Powell's live review
of night one with Roman Reigns vs. CM Punk vs. Seth Rollins, Gunther vs. Jey Uso
for the World Heavyweight
Championship|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2025/04/19/wrestlemania-41-results-powells-live-review-of-night-one-with-roman-reigns-vs-cm-punk-vs-seth-rollins-gunther-vs-jey-uso-for-the-world-heavyweight-championship/|work=Pro
Wrestling Dot Net|date=April 19, 2025|access-date=April 19, 2025}}</ref> On the
following episode of ''Raw'', [[Bron Breakker]] also aligned himself with
Rollins and Heyman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Russell|first=Skylar|title=Bron Breakker
Aligns With Seth Rollins And Paul Heyman On WWE Raw, Helps Them Attack CM Punk
And Roman
Reigns|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/bron-breakker-aligns-seth-rollins-and-paul-heyman-wwe-raw-helps-them-attack-cm-punk-and-roman-reigns/|website=Fightful|date=April
22, 2025|access-date=April 27, 2026}}</ref> At [[Saturday Night's Main Event
XXXIX]] on May 24, [[Bronson Reed]] returned to assist Rollins and Breakker in a
victorious effort, leading to the formation of [[The Vision (professional
wrestling)|The Vision]].<ref>{{cite web|last=DeFelice|first=Robert|title=Bronson
Reed Returns At WWE Saturday Night’s Main Event, Aligns With Seth
Rollins|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/bronson-reed-returns-wwe-saturday-night-s-main-event-aligns-seth-rollins/|website=Fightful|date=May
25, 2025|access-date=April 27, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite
web|last=Moss|first=Jeff|title=WWE News: Raw live results from
Brooklyn|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/wwe/wwe-raw-live-results-the-aftermath-from-summerslam/|website=[[Wrestling
Observer Newsletter|Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online]]|date=August 4,
2025|access-date=2025-08-05}}</ref> However, months later on the October 13
episode of ''Raw'', Breakker and Reed turned on Rollins, attacking him and
expelling him from the group. Because of the attack, Rollins was forced to
[[vacant (professional wrestling)|vacate]] the [[World Heavyweight Championship
(WWE)|World Heavyweight Championship]].<ref>{{cite
web|last=Brennan|first=Corey|title=Bron Breakker And Bronson Reed Turn On Seth
Rollins On WWE Monday Night
RAW|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/bron-breakker-and-bronson-reed-turn-on-seth-rollins-on-wwe-monday-night-raw/|website=Fightful|date=October
13, 2025|access-date=April 27, 2026}}</ref> After that, The Vision added [[Logan
Paul]] and [[Austin Theory]] to the group. At the [[Royal Rumble (2026)|Royal
Rumble]], during the [[Royal Rumble match|eponymous match]], a masked individual
attacked Breakker, causing his elimination. Following that, a series of attacks
by masked individuals targeted The Vision over several weeks.<ref
name="RoyalRumble2026">{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=WWE Royal Rumble
results: Powell's live review of the Royal Rumble matches, Drew McIntyre vs.
Sami Zayn for the WWE Championship, AJ Styles putting his career on the line
against
Gunther|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2026/01/31/wwe-royal-rumble-results-powells-live-review-of-the-royal-rumble-matches-drew-mcintyre-vs-sami-zayn-for-the-wwe-championship-aj-styles-putting-his-career-on-the-line-against-gunther/|work=Pro
Wrestling Dot Net|date=January 31, 2026|access-date=January 31,
2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201000534/https://prowrestling.net/site/2026/01/31/wwe-royal-rumble-results-powells-live-review-of-the-royal-rumble-matches-drew-mcintyre-vs-sami-zayn-for-the-wwe-championship-aj-styles-putting-his-career-on-the-line-against-gunther/|archive-date=February
1, 2026|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite
web|last=Russell|first=Skylar|title=Mystery Masked Man Returns, LA Knight
Qualifies For Men’s Elimination Chamber Match On WWE
Raw|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/la-knight-mens-elimination-chamber-wwe-287804/|website=Fightful|date=February
9, 2026|access-date=April 27, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite
web|last=Russell|first=Skylar|title=Mystery Masked Man Strikes Again On WWE Raw,
Curb Stomps Logan
Paul|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/mystery-masked-man-strikes-again-on-wwe-raw-curb-stomps-logan-paul/|website=Fightful|date=February
16, 2026|access-date=April 27, 2026}}</ref> During this time, both Breakker and
Reed were sidelined with an injury. At [[Elimination Chamber (2026)|Elimination
Chamber]] on February 28, a returning Rollins revealed himself as the masked
assailant after interfering in the men's [[Elimination Chamber match]] to attack
Paul.<ref name="EC2026">{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=WWE Elimination
Chamber results: Powell's live review of CM Punk vs. Finn Balor for the World
Hvt. Championship, Elimination Chamber matches, Becky Lynch vs. AJ Lee for the
Women's IC
Title|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2026/02/28/wwe-elimination-chamber-results-powells-live-review-of-cm-punk-vs-finn-balor-for-the-world-hvt-championship-elimination-chamber-matches-becky-lynch-vs-aj-lee-for-the-womens-ic-title/|date=February
28, 2026|work=[[Pro Wrestling Dot Net]]|access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref> On
Night 1 of WrestleMania 42, Rollins lost his match against [[Gunther
(wrestler)|Gunther]] after Breakker returned and struck Rollins with a
spear.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lambert|first=Jeremy|title=Bron Breakker Returns At
WrestleMania 42, Delivers Massive Spear To Seth
Rollins|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/bron-breakker-returns-at-wrestlemania-42-delivers-massive-spear-to-seth-rollins/|website=Fightful|date=April
18, 2026|access-date=April 27, 2026}}</ref> On the following ''Raw'', The Vision
welcomed back Breakker, who trash talked Rollins, with him subsequently
attacking Breakker before being outnumbered by Theory and Paul. Despite external
interference from the returning [[Street Profits]] ([[Angelo Dawkins]] and
[[Montez Ford]]), who fended off Paul and Theory, Breakker got the upper hand on
Rollins.<ref name="Raw04202026">{{cite
web|url=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2026/04/20/wwe-raw-results-4-20-kellers-report-on-the-raw-after-mania-episode-including-finn-balor-vs-mcdonagh-plus-oba-femi-roman-reigns-liv-morgan/|title=WWE
Raw results (4/20): Keller's report on the Raw After Mania episode including
Finn Balor vs. McDonagh, plus Oba Femi, Roman Reigns, Liv Morgan|date=April 20,
2026|last=Keller|first=Wade|work=[[PWTorch]]|access-date=April 21, 2026}}</ref>
The following week, Rollins called out Breakker questioning his actions, to
which Breakker replied that he was tired of fighting Rollins' battles, and that
he only joined Rollins because he needed Heyman on his side. Rollins then
challenged Breakker to a match at Backlash, which was later made official.<ref
name="Raw04272026">{{Cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=WWE Raw results
(4/27): Powell's live review of Roman Reigns responding to Jacob Fatu, Penta vs.
Rusev in a non-title match, Joe Hendry's
concert|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2026/04/27/wwe-raw-results-4-27-powells-live-review-of-roman-reigns-responding-to-jacob-fatu-penta-vs-rusev-in-a-non-title-match-joe-hendrys-concert/|website=[[Pro
Wrestling Dot Net]]|date=April 27, 2025|access-date=April 27, 2026}}</ref>
At [[WrestleMania 41]], [[Seth Rollins]] allied himself with [[Paul
Heyman]].<ref name="WM41N1">{{cite
web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=WrestleMania 41 results: Powell's live review
of night one with Roman Reigns vs. CM Punk vs. Seth Rollins, Gunther vs. Jey Uso
for the World Heavyweight
Championship|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2025/04/19/wrestlemania-41-results-powells-live-review-of-night-one-with-roman-reigns-vs-cm-punk-vs-seth-rollins-gunther-vs-jey-uso-for-the-world-heavyweight-championship/|work=Pro
Wrestling Dot Net|date=April 19, 2025|access-date=April 19, 2025}}</ref> On the
following episode of ''Raw'', [[Bron Breakker]] also aligned himself with
Rollins and Heyman.<ref>{{cite web|last=Russell|first=Skylar|title=Bron Breakker
Aligns With Seth Rollins And Paul Heyman On WWE Raw, Helps Them Attack CM Punk
And Roman
Reigns|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/bron-breakker-aligns-seth-rollins-and-paul-heyman-wwe-raw-helps-them-attack-cm-punk-and-roman-reigns/|website=Fightful|date=April
22, 2025|access-date=April 27, 2026}}</ref> At [[Saturday Night's Main Event
XXXIX]] on May 24, [[Bronson Reed]] returned to assist Rollins and Breakker in a
victorious effort, leading to the formation of [[The Vision (professional
wrestling)|The Vision]].<ref>{{cite web|last=DeFelice|first=Robert|title=Bronson
Reed Returns At WWE Saturday Night’s Main Event, Aligns With Seth
Rollins|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/bronson-reed-returns-wwe-saturday-night-s-main-event-aligns-seth-rollins/|website=Fightful|date=May
25, 2025|access-date=April 27, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite
web|last=Moss|first=Jeff|title=WWE News: Raw live results from
Brooklyn|url=https://www.f4wonline.com/news/wwe/wwe-raw-live-results-the-aftermath-from-summerslam/|website=[[Wrestling
Observer Newsletter|Wrestling Observer Figure Four Online]]|date=August 4,
2025|access-date=2025-08-05}}</ref> However, months later on the October 13
episode of ''Raw'', Breakker and Reed turned on Rollins, attacking him and
expelling him from the group. Because of the attack, Rollins was forced to
[[vacant (professional wrestling)|vacate]] the [[World Heavyweight Championship
(WWE)|World Heavyweight Championship]].<ref>{{cite
web|last=Brennan|first=Corey|title=Bron Breakker And Bronson Reed Turn On Seth
Rollins On WWE Monday Night
RAW|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/bron-breakker-and-bronson-reed-turn-on-seth-rollins-on-wwe-monday-night-raw/|website=Fightful|date=October
13, 2025|access-date=April 27, 2026}}</ref> After that, The Vision added [[Logan
Paul]] and [[Austin Theory]] to the group. At the [[Royal Rumble (2026)|Royal
Rumble]], during the [[Royal Rumble match|eponymous match]], a masked individual
attacked Breakker, causing his elimination. Following that, a series of attacks
by masked individuals targeted The Vision over several weeks.<ref
name="RoyalRumble2026">{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=WWE Royal Rumble
results: Powell's live review of the Royal Rumble matches, Drew McIntyre vs.
Sami Zayn for the WWE Championship, AJ Styles putting his career on the line
against
Gunther|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2026/01/31/wwe-royal-rumble-results-powells-live-review-of-the-royal-rumble-matches-drew-mcintyre-vs-sami-zayn-for-the-wwe-championship-aj-styles-putting-his-career-on-the-line-against-gunther/|work=Pro
Wrestling Dot Net|date=January 31, 2026|access-date=January 31,
2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201000534/https://prowrestling.net/site/2026/01/31/wwe-royal-rumble-results-powells-live-review-of-the-royal-rumble-matches-drew-mcintyre-vs-sami-zayn-for-the-wwe-championship-aj-styles-putting-his-career-on-the-line-against-gunther/|archive-date=February
1, 2026|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite
web|last=Russell|first=Skylar|title=Mystery Masked Man Returns, LA Knight
Qualifies For Men’s Elimination Chamber Match On WWE
Raw|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/la-knight-mens-elimination-chamber-wwe-287804/|website=Fightful|date=February
9, 2026|access-date=April 27, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite
web|last=Russell|first=Skylar|title=Mystery Masked Man Strikes Again On WWE Raw,
Curb Stomps Logan
Paul|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/mystery-masked-man-strikes-again-on-wwe-raw-curb-stomps-logan-paul/|website=Fightful|date=February
16, 2026|access-date=April 27, 2026}}</ref> During this time, both Breakker and
Reed were sidelined with an injury. At [[Elimination Chamber (2026)|Elimination
Chamber]] on February 28, a returning Rollins revealed himself as the masked
assailant after interfering in the men's [[Elimination Chamber match]] to attack
Paul.<ref name="EC2026">{{cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=WWE Elimination
Chamber results: Powell's live review of CM Punk vs. Finn Balor for the World
Hvt. Championship, Elimination Chamber matches, Becky Lynch vs. AJ Lee for the
Women's IC
Title|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2026/02/28/wwe-elimination-chamber-results-powells-live-review-of-cm-punk-vs-finn-balor-for-the-world-hvt-championship-elimination-chamber-matches-becky-lynch-vs-aj-lee-for-the-womens-ic-title/|date=February
28, 2026|work=[[Pro Wrestling Dot Net]]|access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref> On
Night 1 of WrestleMania 42, Rollins lost his match against [[Gunther
(wrestler)|Gunther]] after Breakker returned and struck Rollins with a
spear.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lambert|first=Jeremy|title=Bron Breakker Returns At
WrestleMania 42, Delivers Massive Spear To Seth
Rollins|url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/bron-breakker-returns-at-wrestlemania-42-delivers-massive-spear-to-seth-rollins/|website=Fightful|date=April
18, 2026|access-date=April 27, 2026}}</ref> On the following ''Raw'', The Vision
welcomed back Breakker, who trash talked Rollins, with him subsequently
attacking Breakker before being outnumbered by Theory and Paul. Despite external
interference from the returning [[Street Profits]] ([[Angelo Dawkins]] and
[[Montez Ford]]), who fended off Paul and Theory, Breakker got the upper hand on
Rollins.<ref name="Raw04202026">{{cite
web|url=https://www.pwtorch.com/site/2026/04/20/wwe-raw-results-4-20-kellers-report-on-the-raw-after-mania-episode-including-finn-balor-vs-mcdonagh-plus-oba-femi-roman-reigns-liv-morgan/|title=WWE
Raw results (4/20): Keller's report on the Raw After Mania episode including
Finn Balor vs. McDonagh, plus Oba Femi, Roman Reigns, Liv Morgan|date=April 20,
2026|last=Keller|first=Wade|work=[[PWTorch]]|access-date=April 21, 2026}}</ref>
The following week, Rollins called out Breakker questioning his actions, to
which Breakker replied that he was tired of fighting Rollins' battles, and that
he only joined Rollins because he needed Heyman on his side. Rollins then
challenged Breakker to a match at Backlash, which was later made official.<ref
name="Raw04272026">{{Cite web|last=Powell|first=Jason|title=WWE Raw results
(4/27): Powell's live review of Roman Reigns responding to Jacob Fatu, Penta vs.
Rusev in a non-title match, Joe Hendry's
concert|url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2026/04/27/wwe-raw-results-4-27-powells-live-review-of-roman-reigns-responding-to-jacob-fatu-penta-vs-rusev-in-a-non-title-match-joe-hendrys-concert/|website=[[Pro
Wrestling Dot Net]]|date=April 27, 2025|access-date=April 27, 2026}}</ref>
Stop consonants
← Previous revision Revision as of 08:14, 2 May 2026 Line 283: Line 283:
[[Plosive|Stop consonants]] in Singapore English are usually [[No audible
release|not released]] at the end of words, and voiceless stops can be
[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]] or unaspirated in initial positions—how
strongly a stop is aspirated can be determined by its [[place of articulation]],
the [[heritage language|heritage]] or home language of the speaker and the level
of formality of the conversation. In general, speakers with strong Malay or
Tamil accents are less likely to aspirate initial stops, while Chinese
Singaporeans are more predisposed to using aspiration.<ref name=educatedsge
/><ref name="Bao Zhiming 1998 pp. 152-174" />{{NoteTag|Measurements of [[voice
onset time]] indicate that, in initial positions, {{IPA|/k/}} is more likely to
be aspirated, or exhibit stronger aspiration{{nbsp}}{{IPA|[kʰ]}} across all
major Singaporean racial groups, whereas {{IPA|/t, p/}} are characterised by
weaker and even weaker aspiration respectively.<ref name=ng2005>{{cite
thesis|year=2005|first=S.|last=Ng|title='Method in the madness?': VOT in
Singaporean native languages and English|degree=MA|publisher=[[National
University of
Singapore]]|url=https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/14890}}</ref> Out of
all the language groups surveyed in the study, Tamil speakers of Singapore
English have the lowest average voice onset time measurements for the
word-initial lenis stops{{nbsp}}{{IPA|[b d ɡ]}}.<ref name=ng2005
/>}}{{NoteTag|Initial, [[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]] {{IPA|[p˭ t˭ t͡s˭ t͡ʃ˭
k˭]}} are found in loanwords from [[Singaporean Hokkien|Hokkien]] and [[Malay
language|Malay]], e.g. [[Kopitiam|''kopitiam'']] {{IPA|[ˈk˭o.p˭i.t˭jäm]}}.
Additionally, aspirated {{IPA|[pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ kʰ]}} also appear in Hokkien
loanwords, alongside voiced stops.<ref name=ng2005 />}}
[[Plosive|Stop consonants]] in Singapore English are usually [[No audible
release|not released]] at the end of words, and voiceless stops can be
[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]] or unaspirated in initial positions—how
strongly a stop is aspirated can be determined by its [[place of articulation]],
the [[heritage language|heritage]] or home language of the speaker and the level
of formality of the conversation. In general, speakers with strong Malay or
Tamil accents are less likely to aspirate initial stops, while Chinese
Singaporeans are more predisposed to using aspiration.<ref name=educatedsge
/><ref name="Bao Zhiming 1998 pp. 152-174" />{{NoteTag|Measurements of [[voice
onset time]] indicate that, in initial positions, {{IPA|/k/}} is more likely to
be aspirated, or exhibit stronger aspiration{{nbsp}}{{IPA|[kʰ]}} across all
major Singaporean racial groups, whereas {{IPA|/t, p/}} are characterised by
weaker and even weaker aspiration respectively.<ref name=ng2005>{{cite
thesis|year=2005|first=S.|last=Ng|title='Method in the madness?': VOT in
Singaporean native languages and English|degree=MA|publisher=[[National
University of
Singapore]]|url=https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/14890}}</ref> Out of
all the language groups surveyed in the study, Tamil speakers of Singapore
English have the lowest average voice onset time measurements for the
word-initial lenis stops{{nbsp}}{{IPA|[b d ɡ]}}.<ref name=ng2005
/>}}{{NoteTag|Initial, [[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]] {{IPA|[p˭ t˭ t͡s˭ t͡ʃ˭
k˭]}} are found in loanwords from [[Singaporean Hokkien|Hokkien]] and [[Malay
language|Malay]], e.g. [[Kopitiam|''kopitiam'']] {{IPA|[ˈk˭o.p˭i.t˭jäm]}}.
Additionally, aspirated {{IPA|[pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ kʰ]}} also appear in Hokkien
loanwords, alongside voiced stops.<ref name=ng2005 />}}
Final {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} may show some degree of [[Glottalization#Glottal
reinforcement|glottal reinforcement]], final {{IPA|/t, k/}} are also prone to
being completely [[Glottalization#Glottal replacement|replaced]] by a [[glottal
stop]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}} in fast speech. The use of glottalisation is more common in
Malay-accented English.<ref name=hung1996>{{cite journal|first=T. T.
N.|last=Hung|title=Towards a phonology of Singapore English|journal=Pan-Asiatic
Linguistics: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Languages and
Linguistics|year=1996|pages=1429–1440}}</ref>
Final {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} may show some degree of [[Glottalization#Glottal
reinforcement|glottal reinforcement]], final {{IPA|/t, k/}} are also prone to
being completely [[Glottalization#Glottal replacement|replaced]] by a [[glottal
stop]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}} in fast speech. The use of glottalisation is more common in
Malay-accented English.<ref name=hung1996>{{cite journal|first=T. T.
N.|last=Hung|title=Towards a phonology of Singapore English|journal=Pan-Asiatic
Linguistics: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Languages and
Linguistics|year=1996|pages=1429–1440}}</ref> While it is not conventional to
weaken [[Flapping|''t'' and ''d'' into alveolar taps]]{{nbsp}}{{IPA|[ɾ]}} in
words like ''little'' and ''ladder'', doing so may convey a higher level of
[[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|sociolinguistic prestige]].<ref name=lim2004
/><ref name=tanyy2016 /><ref name=lincolntamminga2025>{{cite journal|first1=W.
M.|last1=Lincoln|first2=M.|last2=Tamminga|title=Social Evaluation of T-flapping
in Singapore English: The Role of Internal Constraints|year=2025|journal=Penn
Working Papers in Linguistics|volume=31|issue=2}}</ref> ''T''-flapping has
nevertheless been reported at higher incidences in compound numbers (e.g., in
''for<u>t</u>y-five'') and across word boundaries (e.g., ''ge<u>t</u> up'').<ref
name=lincolntamminga2025 /><ref>{{cite conference|first1=W.
M.|last1=Lincoln|first2=R. L.|last2=Starr|year=2022|title=Variation in Singapore
English speakers’ awareness and use of t-flapping|conference=NWAV50}}.</ref>
While it is not conventional to weaken [[Flapping|''t'' and ''d'' into alveolar
taps]]{{nbsp}}{{IPA|[ɾ]}} in words like ''little'' and ''ladder'', doing so may
convey a higher level of [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|sociolinguistic
prestige]].<ref name=lim2004 /><ref name=tanyy2016 /><ref
name=lincolntamminga2025>{{cite journal|first1=W.
M.|last1=Lincoln|first2=M.|last2=Tamminga|title=Social Evaluation of T-flapping
in Singapore English: The Role of Internal Constraints|year=2025|journal=Penn
Working Papers in Linguistics|volume=31|issue=2}}</ref> ''T''-flapping has
nevertheless been reported at higher incidences in compound numbers (e.g., in
''for<u>t</u>y-five'') and across word boundaries (e.g., ''ge<u>t</u> up'').<ref
name=lincolntamminga2025 /><ref>{{cite conference|first1=W.
M.|last1=Lincoln|first2=R. L.|last2=Starr|year=2022|title=Variation in Singapore
English speakers’ awareness and use of t-flapping|conference=NWAV50}}.</ref>
==== Pronunciation of final "l" ====
==== Pronunciation of final "l" ====
← Previous revision Revision as of 08:14, 2 May 2026 Line 131: Line 131:
Its current rival is ''All-Out Sundays'' (''AOS'') airing on GMA. ''AOS'' aired
its pilot episode in January 2020 as a replacement for ''Sunday PinaSaya''.
Its current rival is ''All-Out Sundays'' (''AOS'') airing on GMA. ''AOS'' aired
its pilot episode in January 2020 as a replacement for ''Sunday PinaSaya''.
Its current rival is ''Vibe Playback'' airing on TV5, aired its pilot episode in
March 8, 2026 as a replacement for ''ASAP''.
Its current rival is ''Vibe Playback'' airing on TV5, a rerun of the Saturday
primetime episode of ''Vibe,'' aired its pilot episode in March 8, 2026 as a
replacement for ''ASAP''.
And after 31 years, the longest-running Sunday noontime show ''ASAP'' will leave
the noontime slot as it moves into primetime starting May 17, 2026 as ''ASAP
XP''.
And after 31 years, the longest-running Sunday noontime variety show ''ASAP''
will leave the noontime slot as it moves into primetime starting May 17, 2026 as
''ASAP XP''.
Other popular defunct Sunday noontime variety shows include:
Other popular defunct Sunday noontime variety shows include:
International scientific collaboration in geodesy and calls for an international
standard unit of length
← Previous revision Revision as of 08:14, 2 May 2026 Line 64: Line 64:
President of the Permanent Commission of the European Arc Measurement from 1874
to 1886, Ibáñez became the first president of the [[International Association of
Geodesy|International Geodetic Association]] (1887–1891) after the death of
[[Johann Jacob Baeyer]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14" /> Under Ibáñez's
presidency, the International Geodetic Association acquired a global dimension
with the accession of the United States, Mexico, Chile, [[Argentina]] and
Japan.<ref name=":20" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Torge|first=W.|date=April 1,
2005|title=The International Association of Geodesy 1862 to 1922: from a
regional project to an international organization|journal=Journal of
Geodesy|volume=78|issue=9|pages=558–568|doi=10.1007/s00190-004-0423-0|bibcode=2005JGeod..78..558T|s2cid=120943411|issn=1432-1394}}</ref><ref
name=":6" />
President of the Permanent Commission of the European Arc Measurement from 1874
to 1886, Ibáñez became the first president of the [[International Association of
Geodesy|International Geodetic Association]] (1887–1891) after the death of
[[Johann Jacob Baeyer]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":14" /> Under Ibáñez's
presidency, the International Geodetic Association acquired a global dimension
with the accession of the United States, Mexico, Chile, [[Argentina]] and
Japan.<ref name=":20" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Torge|first=W.|date=April 1,
2005|title=The International Association of Geodesy 1862 to 1922: from a
regional project to an international organization|journal=Journal of
Geodesy|volume=78|issue=9|pages=558–568|doi=10.1007/s00190-004-0423-0|bibcode=2005JGeod..78..558T|s2cid=120943411|issn=1432-1394}}</ref><ref
name=":6" />
The progresses of [[metrology]] combined with those of [[gravimetry]] through
improvement of [[Kater's pendulum]] led to a new era of [[geodesy]]. If
precision metrology had needed the help of geodesy, it could not continue to
prosper without the help of metrology. It was then necessary to define a single
unit to express all the measurements of terrestrial arcs, and all determinations
of the [[gravitational acceleration]] by the means of pendulum. Metrology had to
create a common unit, adopted and respected by all civilized nations. Moreover,
at that time, statisticians knew that scientific observations are marred by two
distinct types of errors, [[Observational error|constant errors]] on the one
hand, and [[Randomness|fortuitous]] errors, on the other hand. The effects of
random errors can be mitigated by the [[least squares]] method. Constant or
systematic errors on the contrary must be carefully avoided, because they arise
from one or more causes which constantly act in the same way, and have the
effect of always altering the result of the experiment in the same direction.
They therefore deprive of any value the observations that they impinge. It was
thus crucial to compare at controlled temperatures with great precision and to
the same unit all the standards for measuring geodesic bases, and all the
pendulum rods. Only when this series of metrological comparisons would be
finished with a probable error of a thousandth of a millimetre would geodesy be
able to link the works of the different nations with one another, and then
proclaim the result of the measurement of the Globe.<ref name=":15">{{Cite
book|last=Ibáñez e Ibáñez de
Ibero|first=Carlos|url=http://www.rac.es/ficheros/Discursos/DR_20080825_173.pdf|title=Discursos
leidos ante la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales en la
recepcion pública de Don Joaquin Barraquer y Rovira|publisher=Imprenta de la
Viuda e Hijo de D.E. Aguado|year=1881|location=Madrid|pages=70, 78}}</ref><ref
name=":24">{{Cite
book|last=Ritter|first=Élie|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=IVEDAAAAQAAJ&hl=fr&pg=GBS.PA7|title=Manuel
théorique et pratique de l'application de la méthode des moindres carrés: au
calcul des
observations|date=1858|publisher=Mallet-Bachelier|pages=7–8|language=fr}}</ref>
In 1901, [[Friedrich Robert Helmert]] found, mainly by [[gravimetry]],
parameters of the ellipsoid remarkably close to reality. Although marked by the
concern to correct [[vertical deflection]]s, taking into account the
contributions of gravimetry, research between 1910 and 1950 remained practically
limited to large continental triangulations. The most significant work would be
that by [[John Fillmore Hayford]], which relied mainly on the North American
national network. His ellipsoid was adopted in 1924 by the [[International Union
of Geodesy and Geophysics]].<ref name=":33">{{Cite book|title=Géodésie in
Encyclopedia Universalis|publisher=Encyclopedia
Universalis|year=1996|isbn=978-2-85229-290-1|pages=Vol 10, p.
302|oclc=36747385}}</ref>
The progresses of [[metrology]] combined with those of [[gravimetry]] through
improvement of [[Kater's pendulum]] led to a new era of [[geodesy]]. If
precision metrology had needed the help of geodesy, it could not continue to
prosper without the help of metrology. It was then necessary to define a single
unit to express all the measurements of terrestrial arcs, and all determinations
of the [[gravitational acceleration]] by the means of pendulum. Metrology had to
create a common unit, adopted and respected by all civilized nations. Moreover,
at that time, statisticians knew that scientific observations are marred by two
distinct types of errors, [[Observational error|constant errors]] on the one
hand, and [[Randomness|fortuitous]] errors, on the other hand. The effects of
random errors can be mitigated by the [[least squares]] method. Constant or
systematic errors on the contrary must be carefully avoided, because they arise
from one or more causes which constantly act in the same way, and have the
effect of always altering the result of the experiment in the same direction.
They therefore deprive of any value the observations that they impinge. It was
thus crucial to compare at controlled temperatures with great precision and to
the same unit all the standards for measuring geodesic bases, and all the
pendulum rods. Only when this series of metrological comparisons would be
finished with a probable error of a thousandth of a millimetre would geodesy be
able to link the works of the different nations with one another, and then
proclaim the result of the measurement of the Globe.<ref name=":15">{{Cite
book|last=Ibáñez e Ibáñez de
Ibero|first=Carlos|url=http://www.rac.es/ficheros/Discursos/DR_20080825_173.pdf|title=Discursos
leidos ante la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales en la
recepcion pública de Don Joaquin Barraquer y Rovira|publisher=Imprenta de la
Viuda e Hijo de D.E. Aguado|year=1881|location=Madrid|pages=70, 78}}</ref><ref
name=":24" /> In 1901, [[Friedrich Robert Helmert]] found, mainly by
[[gravimetry]], parameters of the ellipsoid remarkably close to reality.
Although marked by the concern to correct [[vertical deflection]]s, taking into
account the contributions of gravimetry, research between 1910 and 1950 remained
practically limited to large continental triangulations. The most significant
work would be that by [[John Fillmore Hayford]], which relied mainly on the
North American national network. His ellipsoid was adopted in 1924 by the
[[International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics]].<ref name=":33">{{Cite
book|title=Géodésie in Encyclopedia Universalis|publisher=Encyclopedia
Universalis|year=1996|isbn=978-2-85229-290-1|pages=Vol 10, p.
302|oclc=36747385}}</ref>
In 1889 the [[General Conference on Weights and Measures]] met at [[Sèvres]],
the seat of the International Bureau. It performed the first great deed dictated
by the motto inscribed in the pediment of the splendid edifice that is the
metric system: "''A tous les temps, à tous les peuples''" (For all times, to all
peoples); and this deed consisted in the approval and distribution, among the
governments of the states supporting the Metre Convention, of prototype
standards of hitherto unknown precision intended to propagate the metric unit
throughout the whole world. These prototypes were made of a platinum-iridium
alloy which combined all the qualities of hardness, permanence, and resistance
to chemical agents which rendered it suitable for making into standards required
to last for centuries. Yet their high price excluded them from the ordinary
field of science.<ref name=":18">{{Cite
web|last=Guillaume|first=Charles-Édouard|year=1920|title=The Nobel Prize in
Physics
1920|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/guillaume/lecture/|access-date=September
19, 2020|publisher=Nobel Foundation|pages=1, 2}}</ref> For metrology the matter
of expansibility was fundamental; as a matter of fact the temperature measuring
error related to the length measurement in proportion to the expansibility of
the standard and the constantly renewed efforts of metrologists to protect their
measuring instruments against the interfering influence of temperature revealed
clearly the importance they attached to the expansion-induced errors. It was
common knowledge, for instance, that effective measurements were possible only
inside a building, the rooms of which were well protected against the changes in
outside temperature, and the very presence of the observer created an
interference against which it was often necessary to take strict precautions.
Thus, the Contracting States also received a collection of thermometers which
accuracy made it possible to ensure that of length measurements.<ref name=":18"
/><ref name=":17" />
In 1889 the [[General Conference on Weights and Measures]] met at [[Sèvres]],
the seat of the International Bureau. It performed the first great deed dictated
by the motto inscribed in the pediment of the splendid edifice that is the
metric system: "''A tous les temps, à tous les peuples''" (For all times, to all
peoples); and this deed consisted in the approval and distribution, among the
governments of the states supporting the Metre Convention, of prototype
standards of hitherto unknown precision intended to propagate the metric unit
throughout the whole world. These prototypes were made of a platinum-iridium
alloy which combined all the qualities of hardness, permanence, and resistance
to chemical agents which rendered it suitable for making into standards required
to last for centuries. Yet their high price excluded them from the ordinary
field of science.<ref name=":18">{{Cite
web|last=Guillaume|first=Charles-Édouard|year=1920|title=The Nobel Prize in
Physics
1920|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1920/guillaume/lecture/|access-date=September
19, 2020|publisher=Nobel Foundation|pages=1, 2}}</ref> For metrology the matter
of expansibility was fundamental; as a matter of fact the temperature measuring
error related to the length measurement in proportion to the expansibility of
the standard and the constantly renewed efforts of metrologists to protect their
measuring instruments against the interfering influence of temperature revealed
clearly the importance they attached to the expansion-induced errors. It was
common knowledge, for instance, that effective measurements were possible only
inside a building, the rooms of which were well protected against the changes in
outside temperature, and the very presence of the observer created an
interference against which it was often necessary to take strict precautions.
Thus, the Contracting States also received a collection of thermometers which
accuracy made it possible to ensure that of length measurements.<ref name=":18"
/><ref name=":17" />
Line 80: Line 80:
In order to avoid the difficulty in exactly determining the temperature of a bar
by the mercury thermometer, [[Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel]], inspired by
[[Jean-Charles de Borda]], introduced in 1834 near [[Königsberg]] a compound bar
which constituted a metallic thermometer. A [[zinc]] bar was laid on an [[iron]]
bar two toises long, both bars being perfectly planed and in free contact, the
zinc bar being slightly shorter and the two bars rigidly united at one end. As
the temperature varied, the difference of the lengths of the bars, as perceived
by the other end, also varied, and afforded a quantitative correction for
temperature variations, which was applied to reduce the length to standard
temperature. During the measurement of the base line the bars were not allowed
to come into contact, the interval being measured by the insertion of glass
wedges. The results of the comparisons of four measuring rods with one another
and with the standards were elaborately computed by the method of [[Least
squares|least-squares]].<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Geodesy |volume= 11 |last1 =
Clarke|first1= Alexander Ross |last2= Helmert|first2= Friedrich Robert |pages=
607–615}}</ref> Indeed, before [[invar]]'s discovery, geodesists tried to assess
temperature effect on measuring devices in order to avoid [[Observational
error|observational errors]].<ref name="Guillaume 1906 242–263" />
In order to avoid the difficulty in exactly determining the temperature of a bar
by the mercury thermometer, [[Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel]], inspired by
[[Jean-Charles de Borda]], introduced in 1834 near [[Königsberg]] a compound bar
which constituted a metallic thermometer. A [[zinc]] bar was laid on an [[iron]]
bar two toises long, both bars being perfectly planed and in free contact, the
zinc bar being slightly shorter and the two bars rigidly united at one end. As
the temperature varied, the difference of the lengths of the bars, as perceived
by the other end, also varied, and afforded a quantitative correction for
temperature variations, which was applied to reduce the length to standard
temperature. During the measurement of the base line the bars were not allowed
to come into contact, the interval being measured by the insertion of glass
wedges. The results of the comparisons of four measuring rods with one another
and with the standards were elaborately computed by the method of [[Least
squares|least-squares]].<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Geodesy |volume= 11 |last1 =
Clarke|first1= Alexander Ross |last2= Helmert|first2= Friedrich Robert |pages=
607–615}}</ref> Indeed, before [[invar]]'s discovery, geodesists tried to assess
temperature effect on measuring devices in order to avoid [[Observational
error|observational errors]].<ref name="Guillaume 1906 242–263" />
In the 19th century, statisticians knew that scientific observations were
subject to two types of error: constant errors and random errors. The effects of
the latter could be corrected using the [[Least squares|least squares method]].
Constant errors, on the other hand, had to be carefully avoided, as they were
caused by various factors that consistently altered the results of observations
in the same direction. These errors thus tended to render the results they
affected worthless. Consider, for example, measuring a straight line to
determine its length in metres. If a metal ruler is used for this measurement,
and an error is made in determining the temperature at which its length
corresponds to that of a metre, all observations will be affected by a
consistent error stemming from this error, and no matter how many times the
operation is repeated, it will be impossible to obtain an accurate result. If,
on the contrary, we know exactly the temperature at which the ruler is
equivalent to the metre and if the error affects the actual temperature of the
ruler in the different observations, each observation will be affected by a
random error, but these errors will occur sometimes in one direction and
sometimes in the other, and by repeating the operation a large number of times
we can hope to eliminate their effect by compensating for them.<ref>{{Cite book
|last=Ritter |first=Elie
|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=FLEWAAAAQAAJ&rdid=book-FLEWAAAAQAAJ&rdot=1
|title=Manuel théorique et pratique de l'application de la méthode des moindres
carrés au calcul des observations |date=1858 |publisher=Mallet-Bachelier
|pages=7–8 |language=fr}}</ref>
In the 19th century, statisticians knew that scientific observations were
subject to two types of error: constant errors and random errors. The effects of
the latter could be corrected using the [[Least squares|least squares method]].
Constant errors, on the other hand, had to be carefully avoided, as they were
caused by various factors that consistently altered the results of observations
in the same direction. These errors thus tended to render the results they
affected worthless. Consider, for example, measuring a straight line to
determine its length in metres. If a metal ruler is used for this measurement,
and an error is made in determining the temperature at which its length
corresponds to that of a metre, all observations will be affected by a
consistent error stemming from this error, and no matter how many times the
operation is repeated, it will be impossible to obtain an accurate result. If,
on the contrary, we know exactly the temperature at which the ruler is
equivalent to the metre and if the error affects the actual temperature of the
ruler in the different observations, each observation will be affected by a
random error, but these errors will occur sometimes in one direction and
sometimes in the other, and by repeating the operation a large number of times
we can hope to eliminate their effect by compensating for them.<ref
name=":24">{{Cite book |last=Ritter |first=Elie
|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=FLEWAAAAQAAJ&rdid=book-FLEWAAAAQAAJ&rdot=1
|title=Manuel théorique et pratique de l'application de la méthode des moindres
carrés au calcul des observations |date=1858 |publisher=Mallet-Bachelier
|pages=7–8 |language=fr}}</ref>
In the absence of a standard temperature scale, inconsistencies arose when
attempting to link geodetic surveys from different countries to create a
European geodetic network. In 1886, [[Adolphe Hirsch|Adolphe Hisch]], secretary
of the [[General Conference on Weights and Measures|International Committee for
Weights and Measures]] (CIPM) and of the [[International Association of
Geodesy|International Geodetic Association]], proposed that all the toises that
had served as geodetic standards in Europe during the 19th century be compared
at the BIPM with the Toise of Peru and with the new [[History of the
metre#International prototype metre|international metre]] so that the
measurements made until then could be used to measure the Earth.<ref
name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Seligmann |first=A. E. M. |date=January 1923
|title=La Toise de Belgique
|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1923C&T....39...25S/abstract
|journal=Ciel et Terre |language=en |volume=39 |pages=25
|bibcode=1923C&T....39...25S |issn=0009-6709}}</ref> The result of these
comparisons made it possible to reduce the arcs measured in Germany to the
metre. The discordance of {{Sfrac|1|66 000}} which remained between the
triangles common to the German and French networks could be reduced to
{{Sfrac|1|600 000}} which was at the limit of [[Accuracy and
precision|accuracy]] of geodetic surveys at the time.<ref
name="Pérard-1957">{{Cite web |last=Pérard |first=Albert |date=1957
|title=Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero (14 avril 1825 – 29 janvier 1891), par
Albert Pérard (inauguration d'un monument élevé à sa mémoire)
|url=https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/eloges/ibanez_notice.pdf
|website=Institut de France – Académie des sciences |pages=26–28}}</ref> In
fact, the length of Bessel's Toise, which according to the then legal ratio
between the metre and the Toise of Peru, should be equal to 1.9490348 m, would
be found to be 26.2·10<sup>−6</sup> m greater during measurements carried out by
[[Justin-Mirande René Benoit|Jean-René Benoît]] at the BIPM.<ref>Charles-Édouard
Guillaume, ''La création du Bureau international des poids et mesures et son
œuvre'', Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1927, 321 <abbr>p.</abbr>, <abbr>p.</abbr>
130</ref><ref name="Hirsch-1892" /> It was the consideration of the divergences
between the different toises used by geodesists that led the [[International
Association of Geodesy|European Arc Measurement]] ({{langx|de|Europäische
Gradmessung|links=no}} ) to consider, at the meeting of its Permanent Commission
in [[Neuchâtel]] in 1866, the founding of a World Institute for the Comparison
of Geodetic Standards, the first step towards the creation of the BIPM.<ref
name="Guillaume-1916" /> Careful comparisons with several standard toises showed
that the international metre calibrated on the ''[[History of the metre#Mètre
des Archives|Mètre des Archives]]'' was not exactly equal to the legal metre or
443.296 lines of the toise, but, in round numbers, {{Sfrac|1|75 000}} of the
length smaller,<ref name=":2" /> or approximately 0.013 millimetres. By
contrast, in 2007, a comparison of the American Committee meter and its Swiss
counterpart was carried out at [[National Institute of Standards and
Technology|NIST]] and [[Federal Institute of Metrology|METAS]]. The two metre
standards can be considered perfectly equivalent, with a difference of only
(0.96 ±3.0) [[Micrometre|micrometers]]. The poor quality of the measuring
surfaces explained the significant uncertainty in the measurements compared to
today's standards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Key comparison of the
Committee Meter
|url=https://www.f-r-hassler.ch/downloads/mass_gewicht/Beil-03-1.pdf
|website=e-expo: Ferdinand Rudolf Hassler}}</ref>
In the absence of a standard temperature scale, inconsistencies arose when
attempting to link geodetic surveys from different countries to create a
European geodetic network. In 1886, [[Adolphe Hirsch|Adolphe Hisch]], secretary
of the [[General Conference on Weights and Measures|International Committee for
Weights and Measures]] (CIPM) and of the [[International Association of
Geodesy|International Geodetic Association]], proposed that all the toises that
had served as geodetic standards in Europe during the 19th century be compared
at the BIPM with the Toise of Peru and with the new [[History of the
metre#International prototype metre|international metre]] so that the
measurements made until then could be used to measure the Earth.<ref
name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Seligmann |first=A. E. M. |date=January 1923
|title=La Toise de Belgique
|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1923C&T....39...25S/abstract
|journal=Ciel et Terre |language=en |volume=39 |pages=25
|bibcode=1923C&T....39...25S |issn=0009-6709}}</ref> The result of these
comparisons made it possible to reduce the arcs measured in Germany to the
metre. The discordance of {{Sfrac|1|66 000}} which remained between the
triangles common to the German and French networks could be reduced to
{{Sfrac|1|600 000}} which was at the limit of [[Accuracy and
precision|accuracy]] of geodetic surveys at the time.<ref
name="Pérard-1957">{{Cite web |last=Pérard |first=Albert |date=1957
|title=Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero (14 avril 1825 – 29 janvier 1891), par
Albert Pérard (inauguration d'un monument élevé à sa mémoire)
|url=https://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/eloges/ibanez_notice.pdf
|website=Institut de France – Académie des sciences |pages=26–28}}</ref> In
fact, the length of Bessel's Toise, which according to the then legal ratio
between the metre and the Toise of Peru, should be equal to 1.9490348 m, would
be found to be 26.2·10<sup>−6</sup> m greater during measurements carried out by
[[Justin-Mirande René Benoit|Jean-René Benoît]] at the BIPM.<ref>Charles-Édouard
Guillaume, ''La création du Bureau international des poids et mesures et son
œuvre'', Paris, Gauthier-Villars, 1927, 321 <abbr>p.</abbr>, <abbr>p.</abbr>
130</ref><ref name="Hirsch-1892" /> It was the consideration of the divergences
between the different toises used by geodesists that led the [[International
Association of Geodesy|European Arc Measurement]] ({{langx|de|Europäische
Gradmessung|links=no}} ) to consider, at the meeting of its Permanent Commission
in [[Neuchâtel]] in 1866, the founding of a World Institute for the Comparison
of Geodetic Standards, the first step towards the creation of the BIPM.<ref
name="Guillaume-1916" /> Careful comparisons with several standard toises showed
that the international metre calibrated on the ''[[History of the metre#Mètre
des Archives|Mètre des Archives]]'' was not exactly equal to the legal metre or
443.296 lines of the toise, but, in round numbers, {{Sfrac|1|75 000}} of the
length smaller,<ref name=":2" /> or approximately 0.013 millimetres. By
contrast, in 2007, a comparison of the American Committee meter and its Swiss
counterpart was carried out at [[National Institute of Standards and
Technology|NIST]] and [[Federal Institute of Metrology|METAS]]. The two metre
standards can be considered perfectly equivalent, with a difference of only
(0.96 ±3.0) [[Micrometre|micrometers]]. The poor quality of the measuring
surfaces explained the significant uncertainty in the measurements compared to
today's standards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Key comparison of the
Committee Meter
|url=https://www.f-r-hassler.ch/downloads/mass_gewicht/Beil-03-1.pdf
|website=e-expo: Ferdinand Rudolf Hassler}}</ref>
Boynamedsue marked the redirect Maya (Belize) as reviewed
New page
{{WikiProject banner shell|class=Stub|listas=Hanlon, Monique|blp=yes|
{{WikiProject Athletics |importance=Low}}
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{{WikiProject Women's sport|importance=Low}}
}}
Honours: Clean up/copyedit
← Previous revision Revision as of 08:14, 2 May 2026 Line 70: Line 70:
* [[Supertaça de Portugal Feminina|Supertaça de Portugal]]: 2022, 2023
* [[Supertaça de Portugal Feminina|Supertaça de Portugal]]: 2022, 2023
'''Nigeria'''
'''Nigeria'''
*[[Africa Women Cup of Nations]]: [[2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations|2024]]
* [[Women's Africa Cup of Nations]]: [[2024 Women's Africa Cup of Nations|2024]]
'''Individual'''
'''Individual'''
*
{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20240701232231/https://eaglestrackerng.com/blogs/eaglestracker-awards/2024-day-one
EaglesTracker Defender of the Season]}}: 2023-24
*
{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20240701232231/https://eaglestrackerng.com/blogs/eaglestracker-awards/2024-day-one
EaglesTracker Defender of the Season]}}: 2023-24
'''Orders'''
* [[File:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] Officer of the
[[Order of the Niger]]
==References==
==References==
ratin g
← Previous revision Revision as of 08:14, 2 May 2026 Line 1: Line 1:
{{WikiProject banner shell|class=|
{{WikiProject banner shell|class=c|
{{WikiProject Mountains}}
{{WikiProject Mountains}}
{{WP California}}
{{WP California}}
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|footnotes =
|footnotes =
}}
}}
'''Koulikoro''' ([[Bambara language|Bambara]]: ߞߎߟߌߞߏߙߏ tr. Kulikoro) is a town
and [[Communes of mali|urban commune]] in [[Mali]]. The capital of the
[[Koulikoro Region]], Koulikoro is located on banks of the [[Niger River]],
{{convert|59|km}} downstream from Mali's capital [[Bamako]].
'''Koulikoro''' ([[Bambara language|Bambara]]: ߞߎ߬ߟߌ߬ߞߙߐ߫ tr. Kulikoro) is a
town and [[Communes of mali|urban commune]] in [[Mali]]. The capital of the
[[Koulikoro Region]], Koulikoro is located on banks of the [[Niger River]],
{{convert|59|km}} downstream from Mali's capital [[Bamako]].
Koulikoro is the terminus of the [[Dakar-Niger Railway]] which was completed in
1904.<ref>{{cite book | last=Clozel | first=François-Joseph |
title=Haut--Sénégal--Niger (Soudan franc̜ais): séries d'etudes pub. sous la
direction de M. le gouverneur Clozel | publisher=E. Larose | year=1912 |page=72
| author-link=François Joseph Clozel}}</ref> Between August and November, at the
end of the [[rainy season]], goods are transported down the Niger River to
[[Ségou]], [[Mopti]], [[Timbuktu|Tombouctou]] and [[Gao]]. Navigation is not
possible upstream of Koulikoro because of the Sotuba Rapids near Bamako.
Koulikoro is the terminus of the [[Dakar-Niger Railway]] which was completed in
1904.<ref>{{cite book | last=Clozel | first=François-Joseph |
title=Haut--Sénégal--Niger (Soudan franc̜ais): séries d'etudes pub. sous la
direction de M. le gouverneur Clozel | publisher=E. Larose | year=1912 |page=72
| author-link=François Joseph Clozel}}</ref> Between August and November, at the
end of the [[rainy season]], goods are transported down the Niger River to
[[Ségou]], [[Mopti]], [[Timbuktu|Tombouctou]] and [[Gao]]. Navigation is not
possible upstream of Koulikoro because of the Sotuba Rapids near Bamako.
+
← Previous revision Revision as of 08:14, 2 May 2026 Line 56: Line 56:
*[[2026 Antiguan general election]]
*[[2026 Antiguan general election]]
**Official results from yesterday's election indicated that the [[Antigua and
Barbuda Labour Party|ABLP]] led by [[Antigua and Barbuda|Antiguan]] [[Prime
Minister of Antigua and Barbuda|prime minister]] [[Gaston Browne]] won 15 of 17
seats, while [[United Progressive Party|UPP]] leader [[Jamale Pringle]] and
[[Barbuda People's Movement|BPM]] leader [[Trevor Walker]] each retained their
own seats. Browne is sworn in for a fourth term in office.
[https://antigua.news/2026/05/01/pm-browne-and-ag-benjamin-officially-sworn-in-following-election-victory/
(''Antigua.news'')]
[https://apnews.com/article/antigua-barbuda-gaston-browne-reelection-d447535a8fdd8eeb9969449812a88dfa
(AP)]
**Official results from yesterday's election indicated that the [[Antigua and
Barbuda Labour Party|ABLP]] led by [[Antigua and Barbuda|Antiguan]] [[Prime
Minister of Antigua and Barbuda|prime minister]] [[Gaston Browne]] won 15 of 17
seats, while [[United Progressive Party|UPP]] leader [[Jamale Pringle]] and
[[Barbuda People's Movement|BPM]] leader [[Trevor Walker]] each retained their
own seats. Browne is sworn in for a fourth term in office.
[https://antigua.news/2026/05/01/pm-browne-and-ag-benjamin-officially-sworn-in-following-election-victory/
(''Antigua.news'')]
[https://apnews.com/article/antigua-barbuda-gaston-browne-reelection-d447535a8fdd8eeb9969449812a88dfa
(AP)]
*[[Rubén Rocha Moya]], the [[Governor of Sinaloa|governor]] of [[Sinaloa]],
requests a leave of absence amid accusations by the U.S. government of alleged
collusion with [[Mexican cartels]].
[https://oem.com.mx/elsoldesinaloa/local/rocha-moya-solicita-licencia-como-gobernador-de-sinaloa-y-promete-aclarar-acusaciones-29772218
(''El Sol de Mexico'' <small>in Spanish)</small>]
<!-- All news items above this line -->}}
<!-- All news items above this line -->}}
removed Category:Wikipedia categories named after islands; added
Category:Wikipedia categories named after islands of Japan using HotCat
← Previous revision Revision as of 08:14, 2 May 2026 Line 5: Line 5:
[[Category:Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture]]
[[Category:Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of Japan]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of Japan]]
[[Category:Wikipedia categories named after islands]]
[[Category:Wikipedia categories named after islands of Japan]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean]]